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ARTOTYPE. AR'TOTYPE. See.

ARTS, Liberal, or Seven Liberal. The dis- tinctiun between the liberal arts and the practi- cal arts on the one hand, and philosophy on the other, originates in Greek education and phi- losophy. In the Republic (Bk. xi.) of Plato, and the Politics (viii. 1) of Aristotle, the 'liberal arts' are those subjects that are suitable for the development of intellectual and moral excellence, as distinguished from those that are merely use- ful or practical. The distinction was always made, by the Greek theorists, between music, lit- erature in the form of grammar and rhetoric, and the mathematical studies, and that higher aspect of the liberal discipline termed philosophy. Philosophy was sometimes called the liberal art par excellece. Philo of Judæa, in his attempt to harmonize Hebrew religious literature and Greek philosophy by allegorical interpretation, takes this relationship of the arts and philosophy as the meaning of the union of Abraham with Hagar and Sarah, the former typifying the lib- eral arts, the latter typifying philosophy. No definite number was ever assigned to the liberal arts by the Greeks, though the distinction later indicated by the terms trivium and quadrivium is clearly drawn in the Republic of Plato. Varro (B.C. 116-28) reproduces the distinction and the substance of the various 'liberal arts' for the Romans, though he includes medicine and archi- tecture, both practical subjects, excluded alike by Greek and by Mediæval thought. Quintilian (A.D. 35-95) discusses five arts, grammar, rheto- ric, music, geometry, and astronomy; but with the subdivision of the first and fourth, there would be added dialectic and arithmetic. By the Fifth Century the number of arts is definitely recognized as seven, both by the churchman Au- gustine and the pagan Martianus Capella. Cas- siodorus, in the Sixth Century, applies the term quadrivium to arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; probably before that time the term trivium had been applied to grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic, to indicate the trinity of the subject rather than simply their elementary character. By the time of Alcuin, in the Eighth Century, a sacred significance is attached to the number seven, and the Church appropriates this organiza- tion of human or pagan learning, to which at first it had been extremely hostile. Throughout the Middle Ages the 'seven arts,' as combined into the trivium and quadrivium, represent the sum of human learning. Dante, in his Il convito (Bk. II.). identifies them with the seven planet- ary circles of the heavens, and discovers in each planet the characteristic excellence of the appro- priate study. The 'Seven Liberal Arts' formed the curriculum of the early universities, and their mastery entitled one to the degree of bachelor, or master 'in arts.' For the greater portion of the Middle Ages philosophy had simply been the inclusive term, but with the develop- ment of the universities it was recognized as a higher discipline. The Renaissance broke down even this limitation, and hereafter knowledge was no longer confined to these definite and narrow limits. For a survey of the significance of the term liberal arts, consult: Aristotle and Ancient Educational Ideals (New York, 1897); and also an article on which this is based, by A. F. West, Princeton College Bulletin (1890). See ; ; ;.

ART SQUARE. An ingrain carpet woven in one piece. See.

ART STU'DENTS' LEAGUE. The Art Students' League, of New York, the most promi- nent school of design in America, was founded in 1875 by certain students from the National Academy of Design, who felt the need of study from life and a broader field of work than that more conservative institute could give them. It was incorporated in 1878, and has since then risen steadily in importance. The annual mem- bership is now more than 1000, and the daily attendance in its classes averages 400 pupils, of whom three-fourths are women. The quarters of the League is the Fine Arts Build- ing, on Fifty-seventh Street. The League is self- supporting; the students' fee of from $30 to $70 maintains it in a state of independence. Only artists are allowed on the board of control, though these may be elected from among the students. The requirements of entry to the life, artistic anatomy, and antique classes, which are under the control of well-known artists, are the drawing of a full-length figure from life or a cast; and to the portrait class, a poi'trait from life. In addition to these there are classes in still-life, illustration, composition, and architec- ture, in connection with mural painting and deco- rative design. Those wishing to enter the illus- tration and composition class must submit an original design. The school year includes night classes for men, and a summer term with sketch and summer classes. Besides scholarships from some of the smaller art schools in other cities, there are prize scholarships of free tuition in all important classes. The following prizes are distributed during the year: A prize of $50 for work done in portrait class ; the Evans prize of $50 for encouragement of the practical side of art ; the ililhau prize for composition and illus- tration : and the Saltus prize for drawing. At the Paris Exposition of 1000, the League ob- tained a gold medal in the Department of Deco- rative Arts.

ARTUSI, ar-too'sS, Giovanni Maria (c.1550- 1613). An Italian musician, composer, and writer on musical theory. He was born at Bo- logna, was a canon of San Salvatore, Venice, and stanchly defended the musical traditions and views of his time against the innovations of Mon- teverde and Gabriel. He published a Canzon- ette, for four voices, and a Cantate Domino (Vin- centi collection). His theoretical works include the L'arte del contrappunto ridotto in tavolo (1586 and 1589), Delle imperfezioni della mu- sica moderna (1600 and 1603), Impresa del zar- lino (1604), and Considerationi musicali (1607).

ARUBA, aroolra. An island of the Dutch West Indies, situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela, west of Curacao, of which it is a dependency. It has an area of 69 square miles, and has a population of over 1000. The surface is elevated and scantily watered. The island contains deposits of phosphate, which constitutes an important article of export. The capital is Oranjestadt. on the southwestern coast, which contains the bulk of the population.

A'RUM (Lat., Gk. ipov, aron. wake-robin, cuckoo-pint). A genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Araceæ. Most of the species are tropical or semi-tropical. They are charac- terized by a convolute spathe inclosing the spa-