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ARTESIAN WELLS. type structures for artesian water supply. Portions of the Sahara Desert have been reclaimed by artesian water derived from wells sunk by the French Government. The effect of these wells has been materially to benefit the country, and also to change the character and habits of its nomadic Arab inhabitants. Several tribes are said to have settled down around these artificial springs, and, thus forming the centres of settlements, to have constructed villages, planted palms, and to have entirely renounced their previous wandering existence.

Many artesian wells have been driven to a great depth, their diameters varying from three to six inches, several such deep borings having been mane in the United States: e.g., at Saint Louis, Mo. (3843.5 feet); Columbus, Ohio (2775⅓ feet); Louisville, Ky. (2086 feet); Charleston, S. C. (1250 feet); Galveston, Tex. (3071 feet); Pittsburg, Pa. (4625 feet). At Wheeling, W. Va., there is a dry well 4500 feet in depth, which has furnished valuable records of temperature changes in the earth's crust. Among the noted foreign wells is one at Passy. near Paris, 1923 feet deep; Sperenberg, near Berlin, 4194 feet; Schladenbach, near Leipzig, 5735 feet.

The temperature of artesian well waters is commonly about 40° to 50° F., except in the case of deeper wells, whose waters may reach a temperature of 70° to 80°. In some places these hot waters are used for heating buildings, as at Grenelle, Paris. The Grenelle well-water has a surface temperature of 81.70° F.

Cases are not infrequent where artesian waters are charged with gases such as carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulphide; or they may contain mineral substances in solution, thus at times serving as medicinal waters.

The methods adopted for boring artesian wells are similar to those employed in drilling oil wells. (See .) The cost is commonly from $2 to $3 per foot for the first 1000 feet, and 50 cents greater per foot for each additional 500 feet. Artesian wells commonly show a gradual decrease in flow, due either to partial filling of the tube, or to reduction of pressure because of the boring of new wells in the same vicinity, or to exhaustion of the basin. More precise information regarding the distribution and characteristics of the artesian waters of different portions of the United States may be found in the bulletins and annual reports of the United States Geological Survey and of the geological surveys of various States, particularly those of Iowa, New Jersey, Mississippi, and Missouri.

ARTEVELDE, ar'tc-vel'de. or (c. 1290-1345). A popular leader of the Flemings. At the opening of the Hundred Years' War, he was a member of the Weavers' Guild of Ghent. The war between England and France having threatened the cloth industry of Flanders, Artevelde was persuaded to lead the Flemings against the encroachments of Count Louis of Flanders, the vassal of the French King. In December, 1337, he assumed the leadership, and, with the aid of the men of Ghent, freed the town from the nobles and adherents of the Count. Afterwards Artevelde was elected captain-general of the town of Ghent. In 1338 he made a commercial treaty with England, but maintained the policy of armed neutrality. Edward III. of England, wishing to gain him as an ally, landed at Sluys, but was resisted. Edward's first campaign proving unsuccessful, Philip of Flanders refused to recognize the neutrality of the Flemings, thus forcing them to declare for the English. Artevelde now urged Edward to assume the title of 'King of France,' and the Flemings, in 1340, accepted Edward as their liege lord. The chief power remained in the hands of Artevelde. On July 24, 1345, he was slain in a popular tumult at Ghent, presumably because he intended to recognize the Black Prince as Count of Flanders.

son of Jacob, born 1340, entered public life in January, 1382. Differences had again arisen between the Flemings and Count Louis. Under Yoens, the former burned the Count's favorite castle and set up the standard of revolt. Yoens dying the same year, Peter van den Bossche became leader; but, as affairs seemed to be going badly for the revolt, Artevelde was chosen chief captain. By severe discipline and skillful tactics he defeated the Count's forces and entered Bruges; but, in November, Charles VI. brought a great army from France. Artevelde took his stand at Roosebeke, but was defeated and slain, November 27, 1382.

Sir Henry Taylor published a drama entitled Philip van Artevelde (London, 1834). Consult: Ashley, James and Philip van Artevelde (London, 1883); and Hutton, James van Artevelde (London, 1882).

ART'FUL DODG'ER, The nickname of John Dawkins, one of the band of youthful pickpockets maintained by Fagin the Jew, in Dickens's Oliver Twist.

ARTHOIS, iir'twii'. Jaques d' ( lf)13-c.83) A landscape painter of the Flemish School. His pictures, the subjects of which are derived prin- cipally from the forests and environs of Brus- sels, are characterized by great facility of exe- cution, but lack that close fidelity to nature peculiar to the best productions of his con- temporaries, Teniers, Pierre Bout, and Van der Meulen. His paintings are numerous, the best being preserved in the galleries at Madrid, Brus- sels, and Vienna.

ARTHRI'TIS (Gk. ἀρϑρῖτις, joint-disease, gout, from ἄρϑρον, arthron, a joint). An inflammation of the joints, arising from wounds, bruises, or surgical operations, and sometimes without apparent cause. It frequently follows a bacteria! infection. All, or a part, of the joint may be involved. The main symptoms are swelling, pain, heat, and redness. At times the pain is very intense. The usual treatment is compression by cloths wet with cold water, rest, cooling diet, and sedatives. Counter-irritation by means of iodine, turpentine, or mustard, may be of service. In some cases cupping or leeching may be proper. See ;.

ARTHROP'ODA (Gk. ἄρϑρον, arthron, a joint + πούς, pous, foot). One of the phyla of animals. They are bilaterally symmetrical, and the body is divided into segments, of which each typically carries a pair of jointed appendages. The brain lies dorsal to the food canal, and is connected with a ventral chain of ganglia. The body is covered with a fine chitinous cuticle, periodically molted. The Arthropoda are descended from the Annulata, from which they