Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/903

AREOPAGUS. of treasonable coiuluet, as a sort of commission of the popular assembly. In the reforms of Denietri-.is of Plialprum (B.C. 317), tlie .Vreopagus seems to have been given once more an over- sight over public morals, and especially over oll'enses against the new sumptuary laws. In Roman times it was one of the governing bodies of Athens, and its name appears on decrees with that of the senate and people. Its jurisdiction was also widely e.Ktended, and its decisions still commanded great respect. It is doubtful whether the Apostle Paul was actually brought before the court of Areopagus. It seems more probable that his speech was de- livered before a body of curious philosophers on the hill of Areopagus, a convenient spot somewhat retired from the confusion of the neighboring market-place. In Athenian legend the court was famed as the body which, under the presidency of Athena, acquitted Orestes of the charge, brought against him by the Furies, of blood-guiltiness in uuirdering his mother, Clytemnestra. The story forms the subject of the Euinenides of rlilschylus. Consult: Philippi, Areopag und Epheien (Berlin, 1874); Busolt, Handbiich (NJirdlingen, 1887) ; Schomann, Griechisclw Alterthiimrr. ed. Lipsius (Berlin, 1897) ; Meier and SchJiniann, Der attische Pi-ozess. ed. Lipsius (Berlin. 1883-87); and Botsford, The Athenian Constitution (New York, 18!)3). AREQUIPA, ii'ra-ke'pa. A maritime de- partment of Peru, bounded by the departments of Ayacucho and .Cuzco on the north, Puno on the east, Moquegua on the south, and the Pacific on the west (Map: Peru, C 7). Area, 21,947 square miles. It is mountainous in the east and has a fertile soil, but is sparsely settled. The population was officially estimated in 1896 at 220,007. Capital, Are(iuipa (q.v.). AREQUIPA. An episcopal city, capital of the department of Arequipa, Peru; situated on the Chile River, 105 miles northeast of the port of MoUendo, with which it is connected by railroad. Another line runs to Puno, on Lake Titicaca, 225 miles to the east. Its situa- tion, on a plateau 7000 feet above sea level, at the foot of the half-extinct volcano Misi, gives it a very dry and temperate climate. The air is exceedingly dry and the water is impregnated with salts. It is the second city in Peru, is regularly laid out, and has a cathedral, a university, and two national schools. The inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of jewelry, the cutting of precious stones, and in commerce, the city being the centre of trade for the interior of Peru. Arequipa was founded in 1340 by Francisco Pizarro. and has ever since been important in the history of Peru, occu- pying a prominent place in the war for inde- pendence. From the 13th to the 15th of August, 1868. the city was subjected to earthquake shocks which overthrew nearly all its building.s and killed more than fJOO iieople. Population, in 1889. 30.000; in 1901, 3.-),000. AREQUIPA, or Mi.sri. . volcanic mountain of the Andes, Peru, over 20,000 feet high. The volcano has been in a dormant state since 1831. To the northeast of the volcano is the town of Arequipa (q.v.).  A'RES, fi'rez. See Mars.  AR'ETÆ'US (Gk. 'Aperatoc, Aretaios) . A (amous Greek physician and writer of Cappadocia, who flourished in the latter half of the First and in the beginning of the Second Century after Christ. He is considered to rank next to Hippocrates in the skill with which he treated diseases. He was noted for his total want of professional bigotry; and in his accu- racy in the detail of symptoms and the diagnosis of disease he is superior to most of the ancient physicians. His great work, written in singu- larly elegant and concise Ionic Greek, is divided into two parts. The first four books treat of the causes and symptoms of acute and chronic diseases; the last four, the cure of the same. They have been translated into various Euro- pean languages, besides having been frequently edited in the original. The finest edition is the Oxford one of 1723, by J. Wigan. A German translation appeared at Vienna (1790-1802); an English one. by T. F. Reynolds, London, 1837 ; and there is a CJreek and English edition by Dr. F. Adams (London, 1850). ARETE, a-re'te. ( 1 ) The wife of the Phieacian King Alcinous, and mother of Nausicaa, in Homer's Odyssey. ( 2 ) The personification of virtue in Ben .Jonson's Cynthia's Revels. AR'ETHU'SA. See Alpjieus. ARETHUSA BULBO'SA. A beautiful ter- restrial orchid growing in wet bogs of the northern L^nited States. The plant is small, and consists of a slender scape, six to ten inches in height, which arises from a corm. The lower portion of the scape bears a few green bracts, and the summit is crowned by a brilliant rose- pink rtower one to two inches in length. The plant blooms in late spring, and is often found associated with the pitcher-plant (Sarracenia) and two other orchids — Calopogon and Pogonia — which plants, however, bloom at a later period than does Arethusa. For illustration, see plate of Anemone. ARETIN'IAN SYL'LABLES. The syllables lit,, mi. fa, .so/. III, used by Guido D'Arezzo (q.v.) for his system of hexachords, to which SI was added afterwards, thus completing the modern scale. See Scale. ARETINO, ii'ra-te'no. Carlo (properly Carlo Mah«uppini) (c.l3n9-1453). An Italian humanist. He was born at Arezzo (whence his surname), studied the Latin language and lit- erature at Florence under Giovanni da Ravenna and Greek under Manuel Chrysoloras; and, with the patronage of the Medici, lectured learnedly and successfully on the classics. His first lecture, indeed, seems at once to have establislied his fame; for on that occasion, we are told, lie amazed all by quotations from every known author, Greek or RonuuL But it also seems to have begun the quarrel between him and the renowiied Filelfo, who eventually, through Medicean hostility, was compelled to withdraw to Siena. He was appointed first apostolic secretary, and became in 1444 chan- cellor of the Republic of Florence. His writings include translations into Latin of the Batracho- myomachia and Book I, of the Iliad. His finely sculptured tomb is still to be seen at Florence, in the Church of Santa Croce. ARETINO,. See Gmoo d'Arezzo. ARETINO,. See Bruni. ARETINO, (1492-1556). A notorious and profligate Italian author of the Sixteenth Century, who, apart from his comedies, is in-