Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/901

ARECA. of its order, as f;'.7, indceil, as latitude 38° 22' S. It is a small [laiiii, only from six to ten feet high, with leaves four to six feet long. The young inrioreseence is eaten. Areca vestiaria, a native of the East, is so called because clothing is made from its fibres. For illustrations, see Pal.m.s. ARECIBO, ii'ra-se'n.*. The chief city of the department of the same name, rather picturesquely situated on the northern coast of Porto Rico (ilap: Porto Rico, B 2). It is about forty miles west of San Juan, with which it is connected by rail, and lias a rather shallow harbor and some sugar mills. Population, in 1899, 8U08. AR'EIOP'AGTIS. See Areopagus. ARE'NA (Lat., sand, sandy place, beach, eoast). The central part of an amphitheatre, inclosed by the seats. In it the gladiatorial contests and other games were held, and the name arena was given to it because of the sand which was spread to soak up the blood. The term is extended to mean any flat inclosure for the exhibitions of shows, games, sports, and con- tests, and even figuratively to political and other intellectual contests. See Amphitheatre. AR'ENA'CEOUS ROCKS (from Lat. arena, sand), or Psammites, (iravel and Sand Rocks, composed mainly of quartz particles deposited through water or air. They are mechanical sedi- ments produced by the disintegration and re- moval of silicious rocks by the action of atmos- phere, rain, rivers, frost, lake and ocean waves, and other superficial agencies. The arenaceous rocks or p.sammites, include plain sand, river sand, sea sand, sandstone, graywackes, quartzite, gravel, shingle, and conglomerate (q.v. ). Seldom are they composed entirely of quartz; the quartz being commonly associated with fragments of other minerals such as feldspar, mica, iron ore, hornblende, etc., all of which may be cemented by carbonate of lime or magnesia, quartz, or iron. See Argillaceou.s Rock.s ; Calcareous Rock.s ; RoCK.s. Arenaceous rocks grade by intermediate stages into argillaceous rocks through increasing admixtures of clay, and into calcareous rocks by admixture of lime. ARENALES, ii'ra-na'Ies, ( 1755- 182.')). An officer in the patriot army in the Peruvian revolution against Spain. In 1820, with a body of a thousand men, he was sent from Pisco with orders to strike into the country across the Andes and proceed by a circuitous route to Lima, there to meet the main army — a feat not unlike Sherman's famous march, which he accomplished most successfully, completelv defeating the Spanish army at Cerro- Pasto.  AR'ENA'RIA (Lat. arrnnrius. pertaining to sand, from arena, sand), or Sandwort. A large genus of plants of the natural order Caryophyl- lacew. difl'ering from Htellaria (Stitchwort, ^r.t'.) chiefly in the undivided petals. The species, about two hundred in number, are annual and perennial herbaceous plants of humble growth, rarely somewhat shrubby, and natives of the temperate and colder parts of the world. Some of them are arctic and alpine plants. Many of them are chiefly found in sandy soils. The flowers are generally small and inconspicuous, but if closely examined, are seen to possess no little beauty. ARENBERG, a'ren-berK, or AREMBEBO, ii'rem-ljt'rK, .iiUST JIaria Raimunu, Prince (1753-1833). A Belgian soldier anu author — also known as Count Lamarck — a brother of the Duke of Arenberg. He served in India in 1780, and participated in the Belgian revolt of 1789, but afterwards swore allegiance to the Emperor Leopold II. He was an intimate friend of Mirabeau during the French Revolution, and his Correspondance entre le Comte de Mirabetju et le Comte de Lamarck (edited by Vacourt, two volumes, Brussels, 1851) must be considered a valuable contribution to the history of the French Revolution. ARENBERG, ( 1090-1754). An Austrian field-marshal. He was born at Mons. of one of the most illus- trious families of Belgium. At sixteen he was colonel of a regiment, and councillor of state to Charles III., the Austrian pretender to the Spanish throne, who subsequently became Em- peror as Charles VI. He fought at JIalplaquet in 1709 and in thesame yearbecame grand bailitf of Hainault. In 1716 he served in Hungary under Prince Eugene, and fought at Belgrade in the following year; on returning to the Nether- lands in 1718 he was made military governor of Hainault, and subsequently commander-in-chief of all the Austrian forces in the Netherlands, with the rank of field-marshal. In 1743 he led his troops with great gallantry at Dettingen. Afterwards he served in Silesia under Charles of Lorraine, and in 1747 was president of the commission in control of the Netherlands. He was a lover of the sciences and of letters, and was a patron of J. .J. Rousseau. He also cor- responded with Voltaire and with Frederick the Creat. The fullest account of Leopold of Aren- berg is that given by Gachard, in the Biographie Nationale, published by the Royal Academy of Belgium, and founded on documents in the Bel- gian royal archives. ARENDAL, a'ren-dal. A town on the south- east coast of Norway, situated near the mouth of the Nid Elf in the Bay of Christiania, forty miles northeast of the city of Cliristiansand (Jlap: Norway, C ".). It is built partly on piles, partly on rock, with numerous canals in- tersecting it, and this circumstance, as well as its situation, gives it a very romantic aspect, and has caused it to be called "The Little Venice." The bay, which is protected by the island of Tromii, forms an excellent harbor, and favors the commerce of the town. The exports are iron from the neighboring mines, and wooden articles. Ship-building is also carried on, and on a smaller scale, distilleries and tobacco factories. Population, in 1000, 4370. ARENDT, ii'rent, Otto ( 1854 — ) . A German economist and politician, born in Berlin. He studied law and political science at Leipzig and Freiburg, and with the appearance in 1880 of his work. Die fertragnmiissige Doppelniihriuig, became an active advocate of bimetallism. He was one of the founders of the society for the introduction of international bimetallism (1882), and became the real head of the party in Germany. In 1885 he was elected to the Prussian House of Repiesentatives as a member of the