Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/889

ARCHITECTURE. an inolosing; wall 14 feet high. Another at Moche was 800 x 470 feet, and about 200 feet high. The palaces were built of adobes, and were formed of an irregular series of buildings on a terraced mound. That at Chimu is typical. The ruins at Tiaguanaco are, perhaps, the earliest, and belong to a civilization prior to that of the Incas. Most remarkable are the numerous erect monoliths comparable to the Celtic monoliths in the Mediterranean (e.g. Malta). and in England (e.g. Stonehenge). For books of reference, consult the bibliography under,. ARCHITRAVE, är'kĭ-trāv (Gk. chi-, chief + Lat. trabs, beam). The lowest part of the entablature (q.v. ), or that which rests immediately upon the columns, also called the epistyle. It also designates, in the case of a square opening, the beam over the window or doorjambs. It is even applied to a curved or vertical molding in connection with such open- ings or entablatures. being in the first case the same as an archivolt. For illustration, see . ARCHIVES, är'kīvz. See Records, Public. ARCHIVOLT, är'kĭ-vōlt (It. archivolto, from archi, chief + volto, vault, arch). The stone or niarl>le band, corresponding to the archi-

trave, which frames a curved opening. In early Christian architecture it is extremely simple, but in the Middle Ages it grows into an elaborate bundle of moldings, or sculptured ornament. ARCHLUTE, ärch'lūt' (It. arcliliuto). A large double-necked lute about 4 feet 5 inches long, used in the Seventeenth Century for the lowest part in instrumental music and accompaniments. The neck contained two sets of tuning-pegs, the strings were of catgut or metal, and the compass was two octaves, from C below the bass clef. The sound-board, with a circular hole, was of pine, while the back was made of strips of pine and cedar glued together and richly ornamented. See ;. ARCH OF ARCADIUS, HONORITJS, AND THEODOSIUS. See. ARCH OF AUGUS'TUS. See. ARCH OF CLAU'DIUS. See. ARCH OF CON'STANTINE. See. ARCH OF DRU'SUS. See. ARCH OF HA'DRIAN. See. ARCH OF JA'NUS QUAD'RIFRONS. See. ARCH OF SEPTIM'IUS SEVE'RUS. See. ARCH OF TI'TUS. See. ARCH OF TRA'JAN. See. ARCHON, är'kŏn (Gk. . archōn, literally leader, chief, from, archein. to begin, lead, rule). The highest nuigistratc in Atlfens an<l other Greek cities. As the name shows, it denotes the one in power as opposed to 'king'. The Athenian archon is the only one whose history and duties are well known. There were nine archons at Athens, later chosen yearly by lot. The first was called "The Archon," or, as he gave his name to the year, Archon Eponymos: the second was the Archon Basileus, the third Archon Polemarchus, the other six were Thesmothetæ. During the Athenian democracy the archons were law-officers, the Archon Eponymos having charge of suits relating to the family, the Basileus of religious cases, the Polemarch of those involving foreigners, and the Thesmothetæ of a variety of other cases. According to Athenian tradition the last king, Codrus (q.v.), was succeeded by a life archon, but in 752 the office was limited to ten years, and in  713 opened to all nobles (Eupatridæ), and in 683 it was made annual, and in  457 opened to citizens of the three upper classes, and in practice to all citizens. The historical development seems rather to have been the reduction of the power of the Basileus, by giving first the military command to a new officer, Polemarch ('general'), and then adding a civil ruler as the civil head of the State, thus restricting the 'king' to religious functions. The military command was still held by the Polemarch at the time of the battle of Marathon ( 490). The same Greek word is often used to denote rulers of other official titles. Among the Jews of the Dispersion the title was used to denote members of the official body exercising control over their independently organized communities, as at Alexandria, Antioch, and Rome. In the New Testament it is used specifically by members of the Sanhedrin (e.g., Nicodemus, John iii. 1) of the officer presiding over the synagogue (e.g., Jarus, Luke viii. 4); and generally for rulers, magistrates, and men of influence. In the sense of ruler it is applied to Christ in Rev. i. 5: "Ruler [archon] of the kings of the earth," and to Satan in John xii. 31: "The prince [archonl of this world." In the mystical jargon of the Gnostics, the term archon was frequently employed: and hence one of their sects, especially opposed to Judaism, received the name Archontics. See ; ;. ARCH-PRIEST, ärch'prēst'. A name dating from the Fourth Century, and equivalent to the Greek prōtopresbyter. It was usually applied to a senior priest attached to a cathedral, whose duties were to assist the bishop, to act as his substitute in the performance of the Church offices, and to have general oversight of the cathedral clergy; also to those placed in large towns to occupy similar positions respecting the local clergy." This title in later times gave way to that of dean, as applied to the former and rural dean, to the latter class of arch-priests. ARCH'WAY (arch + way). A passage closed on both sides and covered by a vault, or at least ending in arches at each end, and differing from an arcade, which is open at least on one side in a series of arches.  ARCHYTAS, är-ki'tas (Gk. ). The son of Mnesagoras, or Hestiæus, of Tarentuni, a