Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/870

ARCHIBALD. lieutenant-governor of Xova Scotia. He was knighted in 1885. In 1880 he was returned to the Dominion House of Commons. ARCHIDAMUS, ar'kl-da'miis (Gk. 'Apx'- oaMos. Archidamos) II. (?-B.c. 427). A son of Zcu.idamus. and King of Sparta. He became king after the banishment of his grandfather, Leotyehides, B.C. 469. In the fourth year of his reign Greece was shaken by a terrible earthquake, and Sparta was left a he'ap of ruins. Archida- mus was at that time foremost in crushing the uprising of the Helots. Before the Peloponnesian War, he spoke in favor of arriving at a peace- able settlement of the matters under dispute. In B.C. 431 he led an army into Attica, and in the three following years conducted campaigns. He was the father of the famous Agesilaus.

Archidamis III. (?-B.c. .338), son of Agesi- laus and King of Sparta. He succeeded his father in B.C. 358. In B.C. 367 he defeated the Arcadians in the so-called "Tearless Battle." In B.C. 362, shortly before the battle of JIantinea. he success- fully defended Sparta against Epaminondas. At the beginning of the Sacred War he attacked the Phoeians. In B.C. 338 he led an army to Italy to aid the Tarentines, and was killed in battle on the same day on which Philip won the battle of Chferonea.

Archidajius IV., a grandson of Archidamus III., and King of Sparta. It is not known when he came to the throne or how long he ruled. He was king in B.C. 294, for he was defeated in bat- tle in that year by Demetrius Poliorcetes.

Archidamus V., a grandson of Archidamus IV., brother of Agis IV., and King of Sparta. On the occasion of his brother's murder, he fled, but subsequently returned with the object of reestablishing his power. He was, however, al- most immediately slain by his brother's mur- derers, who feared his vengeance. Arcliidamus V. was the last king of the Eurypontid line. ARCHIDAMUS. A Bohemian lord in Shake- speare's A ^yinter's Talc, appearing only in Act i., Scene 1. ABCHIL, iir'kll (of uncertain origin), or ORCHIL, (-.r'kil (Orseille). A coloring sub- stance obtained from various species of lichens. The archil is not originally present in the lichens, but is developed by the following treatment; The lichens, collected "from rocks near the sea, are ground into a pulp with water and diluted am- monia is added; certain colorless acids (erythric acid, etc.) contained in the lichens gradually change, under this ti-eatment, into a purple sub- stance, orcein, which is the coloring principle of archil. (If in the same process, the carbonate of sodium or of potassium is added to the pulp, ordinarv litmus is produced in place of orcein.) Archil 'is used in the dyeing of silks and of woolen cloth where a beautiful brown color is re- quired; but though a brilliant rich hue is im- parted to the fabric, the color is not permanent, being easilv acted upon by the rays of the sun. Hence archil is seldom used by itself: the fabric is first dyed by another coloring matter, nnd then archil is applied to impart to it a brilliant lustre.

Archil imparts a beautiful and durable violet color to marble. It has also been used in coloring wiii^s. It is brought into the market in three diffeient forms. The name archil is commonly applied to the ordinary pasty form. When ottered in the form of a dry mass it is called persis, while powdered arcliil is known as cud- bear. The lichens used in the manufacture of archil grow on the rocky coasts of South America, Madagascar, Zanzibar, the Canary Isles, and a number of other places. They belong principally to the genus Roccella. They are sometimes called orcliel la-weed, or dyer's moss. ARCHILOCHUS, iir-kil'o-kus (Gk.'Ap,r'Ao,i'Of, Archilochos). A native of the island of Paros, who flourislied in the Seventh Century B.C., and is regarded as the first of the Greek lyric poets, although the origin of the elegy is claimed by Callinus, a writer whose age seems to liave sliglitly preceded that of Archiloehus. Glimiises of Ills life, especially of the calamities which be- fell him, were freqiiently given in his writings. His father's name was Telesicles; his mother was a slave called Enipo. At an early age, becoming entangled in political contests, he abandoned his native town and led a jolony of its citizens to Thasos, in 650 or 640 B.C. While here, as lie in- forms us in some extant verses, he lost his shield in a liattle against the Thracians, yet not through cowardice. Subsequently he was ban- ished from Sparta, to which he had gone, some say liecause he had vindicated his conduct in running away from the fight, others, because of the license of his verses. He is said to have gained the laurel-wreath at the Olympic games by an ode in lionor of Hercules, but this is doubtful. Having returned to Paros, he took part in the war which broke out between it and Xaxus. in the course of which he lost his life. The Delphian oracle pronounced a curse upon his slayer. Variety, novelty, and satirical bit- terness characterized his lyric poems; so much so that "Archilochian bitterness" and "Parian verse" became bywords in ancient times. He scourged his enemies in the most merciless fashion, and always displayed the most malicious skill in selecting for his sarcasm the points on which they were most sensitive. It is said that I.ycambes, who had promised his daughter Neo- biile in marriage to Archiloehus, having failed to fulfill his promise, was so severely satirized by the poet that, to escape ridicule, both father and daughter hanged themselves. Among the ancients. Archiloehus was ranked with Homer. They dedicated the statues of both on the same day, and placed the head of Archiloehus beside that of Homer on the same herni. As Homer was the creator of epic poetry, so Archiloehus was regarded as the inventor of the ]ioetry of the passions and of biting raillery, and he became the model for the Old Athenian Comedy and for later poets — e.g., for Horace in his earlier period. He is said to have invented many new metrical forms, Init his fame and inlhience were due primarily to his native genius. Only bare fragments of liis compositions remain: ed- ited by Bergk, for tic Li/rici (Jrcrei (Leipzig, 1882);" Eeitzenstein. "Zwei neue Fragmente der Epoden des Archilochos," in Sitzunn^berichle der prcii.ssisehcn Aliulrniie der ^yissen!iclutf^en (Ber- lin, 1899) . ARCHIMAGE, ar'kim;-ij. (I) The foul magician who. in Spenser's Faerie Queene, assumes the guise of the Red Cross Knight, and thereby entices Una from her search. He stands, in the allegory, for the personification of False-