Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/867

ARCHELAUS. way lie seized the Cyclades. together with Delos, and, by granting the latter island to Athens, won over that city to the side of Mithridates. (*n his appearance in Greece, the Achsans, the Laeoni- ans, and the Ba»otiaus at once Hocked to his standard. A three days' l)attle was fought in the neighborhood of Thespia?, with indecisive result, but Archelaus was forced to fall back upon .thens and Pirirus. In the niunmer of B.C. 87, Sulla landed in (Ireeee and proceeded against Archelaus. After long and hard lighting Athens and Pira'us were taken, and Arelclaus retreated to Chalcis. Here he was joined by reinforce- ments from Mithridates, and in March, B.C. 80, met with a crusliing defeat at Chjeronea. Of 120,000 men that .relielaus led into battle, barely 10,000 reassembled at Chalcis. In the meantime Mithridates sent into Greece a further force of 80,000 men under Dorylaus. With this force .Archelaus faced the enemy at Orehomenus in n.c. 85. His arm.v was almost entirely destroyed, but Archelaus himself, after hiding for several days in a swamp, finally escaped to Chalcis. Peace followed, but Archelaus, though innocent, awakened, by his conduct in the negotiations, the suspicions of .Mithridates, and was as a result driven to side with the Romans in the second arid third Mithridatie wars. — (5) Son of the preced- ing. He married Berenice, daughter of King Ptole- mteus Auletes, in B.C. 56, and ruled over Kgypt for the short space of si.x months during the banishment of Ptolem.TUs. The usurper lost his life in a battle against Aulus Gabinius, procon- sul of Syria. — ((i) Grandson of the preceding. He obtained from ilarcus .4ntonius the Province of Cappadocia, which he retained during the reign of .Augustus. Tiberius accused him of political innovations and condemned him to death; but he was already old and broken, and he died at Rome soon after liis trial, in ..D. 17. — (7) A Greek sculptor, celebrated for his bas-re- lief representing the 'Apotheosis of Homer,' which was found in the Seventeenth Centiiry on the Via Appia, near Bovillip. The relief appears to be the votive oticring of a poet made for a victory won at a poetic contest. Its time is placed all the way from B.C. 150 to the begin- ning of the first century a.d. The relief was purchased in ISIO for the British Museum. — (8) Son of Herod, tyrant of Jud;ea. He suc- ceeded his father in B.C. 4, and maintained his position against an insurrection raised by the Pharisees. His heirship to the throne being disputed by his brother Antipas, Archelaus went to Rome, where his authority was confirmed by .Augustus, who jnade him Ethnarch of .ludtea, Samaria, and Iduniipa. After a reign of nine years he was deposed by Augustus, on account of his cruel tyranny, and banished to Vienna in Gaul, where he died. His territories were added to the Roman Province of Syria. ARCHENHOLZ, iir'Ken-holts, Johan>- Wil- JIELM, Baron von (17-13-1812). A German his- torian. After service in the army, he gained his discharge at the close of the Seven Years' War, and passed several years in travel, visiting almost all the principal cities of Europe, and supporting himself by authorship. He wrote Ocschichte des siehcnjiilirificii Kricges (History of the Seven Years' War) (two volumes, 179.3), which, when compared with the generally dry style of his German contemporaries, deserves praise on account of its narrative interest. He also wrote Anttaloi der hritischen Geschichte (Annals of British History) (twenty volumes, 178!)-ii8), and biographies of t^ueen Elizabeth of England and Gustavus Vasa of Sweden. ARCH'ER,  (ISGO-inOO). An American actress, named Arabella S. Mingle, but known as Miss Archer after her marriage in 1880 to Her- bert Archer, from whom she was divorced in 1889. She was born at Easton, Pa., and made her df'but at Washington, D. C, with William Florence in The Mighty Dollar. Afterward she appeared in I'hiafore, Hazel Kirke, etc., and for some time played with E. H. Sothcrn, as Rose in Lard Vhumley (1888), and in other pieces. She also supported Alexander Salvini, and in Daly's company took the part of Maid ilarian in the later productions of Tennyson's Foresters. in 1894, after having left the stage for a time, she resumed her career as a star, and afterward was for a while leading woman with Sol Smith Russell.  ARCHER,  (1790-1856). A Texas patriot. He was born in Virginia, where in early life he practiced medicine. In 1831 he went to Texas, took part in the Revolution, and in 1835 presided over the "consultation' called by the American settlers to consider the subject of independence. During the same year he was one of the three commissioners sent to VA'ashington to solicit aid from the United States. In 1836 he was speaker of the Texas House of Representa- tives, and from 1839-42 was secretary of war for the new Repul>lic. ARCHER,  ( 1838-1901 ) . An Ameri- can organist, born at Oxford, England. He studied nuisic in London and Leipzig, and held musical positions in England and Scotland until 1880, when he was appointed organist of Pl n- South Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. Afterward he became conductor of the Boston (ilass. ) Oratorio Society, director of Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa., and in 1899 organist of the Church of the Ascension, Pittsburg. He founded, in 1885. the Keynote, which for a time he edited. He published, besides numerous compositions for the organ, a treatise entitled The Organ and The College Organist. ARCHER, (1741-1810). He was born in Maryland and graduated at Princeton in 1760, the first man in the United States to receive the degree of doctor of medicine, that degree coming to him when he graduated at the Philadelphia Medical College in 1768. He was an officer in the army of the Revolution, a member of the JIaryland General Assembly, and a representative in Congress from that State for three terms, 1801-07. ARCHER,  (185(— ). An English dramatic critic, born at Perth, Scotland. He received the degree of M.A. at Edinburgh University in 1876, and was on the staff of the Edinburgh Evening News from 1875 to 1878. He was dramatic critic of the London Figaro from 1879 to 1881 ; was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1883, and succeeded Dutton Cook as dramatic critic of the London World in 1884 — a position which he still held in 1902. Among his works pertaining to the English drama are: Enqlish Dramatists of To-day (1882); Henry Irving, a study (1883); About the Theatre (1880); Study in the Psychology of Acting (1880) ; 11'. C. .Macready, a biography