Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/865

ARCHBISHOP. — were reniodo'ed by and 7 ^'i^. IV. c. 77. The diocese of Cauterhurv eoniprises Kent, e.Kcept the city and doancry of Rochester, and some parishes transferred liy this act; a number of ])arisli('s in Sussex called 'peculiar'; with small districts in other dioceses, particularly London. The diocese of the Archbishop of York embraces the county of York, except that portion of it now included in the dioceses of Ripon and Manchester; the whole county of Nottingham, and some other de- tached districts. In Ireland there are two Protestant archbishops, elected by their fellow- bishops out of their number, and four Roman Catholic. Of the former, the Archbishop of Ar- magh is Primate of All Ireland ; the Archbishop of Dublin being Primate of Ireland. They for- merlj' sat alternately in the House of Lords: the three bishops who, along with them, represented the Church of Ireland, being chosen by rotation. The Roman Catholie Cliurch in England and Wales luis one archbishop; in Scotland two arch- bislio]is. while the Episcopal Church in that country h.ns no archbishop, but a prinnis. An Englisli arehliisluip writes himself, "by divine providence" ; a bishop being, "by divine per- mission"; and an archbishop has the title of "Grace," and "Jlost Reverend Father in God," while a bishop is styled "Lord," and "Right Rev- erend Father in God." The archbishop is enti- tled to present to all ecclesiastical livings in the disposal of diocesan bishops, if not filled within si. months ; and every bishop, 'Hhether created or translated, was formerly bound to make a legal conveyance to the archbishop of the next avoid- ance of one such dignity or benefice belonging to his see as the archbishop should choose.

The only archbishops in the United States are those of the Roman Catholic Church, now four- teen in nvnnber. Up to 17S9 the ecclesiastical government of that Church in this country con- tiniied under the vicar apostolic of the London district, the local superior at that time being Father .lolin Carroll, of Baltimore. In 178!) Baltimore was erected into an episcopal see, and Father Carroll became bishop. In 1S08, after Mew Orleans, New York, and Boston had been erected into sees, Baltimore was raised to metro- politan rank. Father Carroll becoming the first archbishop, as he had been the first bisliop. in this country. The dates of the establishments of other archiepiscopal sees in this country arc as follows — the first date being that of the founda- tion of the see, and the second of its elevation to a metropolis: Oregon City, 1846, 1846: Saint Louis, 1826, 1847; New Orleans, 179.3, 1850; New York. 1808. 1850; Cincinnati. I8'21, 18.50; Dubuque, 1837, 1893; San Francisco, 1853, 18.53; Milwaikee, 1844, 1875; Boston, 1808, 1875; Philadelphia. 1808. 1875: «anta Fe. 1850. 1875; ChicUL'... 1844. 1880; Saint Paul, 1850, 1888. ARCHDALE, jireh'dal, ,Totik. A colonial governor of North Cai'olina, born in England. He eame to New England, as the agent for Gov- ernor Gorges, of Maine, in 1604: was a com- missioner for Gorges (1687-88) : and was Gover- nor of North Carolina, of which he was also a 'proprietary.' He reorganized the administra- tion of the colony, conciliated the Indians, and introduced the cultui'e of rice. He published A Neir Description of the Fertile niid Pleasant Province of Carolinn, jrith a Brief Account of Jts Discover!/, Seltlinfi, and Oorernment up to This Time (London, 1707). ARCHDEACON, arclrde'kun lGkMpxi-,archi-, chief -- SioKocoy, diakunus, servant, minister of the Church). An ecclesiastical dignitary whose jurisdiction is immediately suliordinate to that of the bishop. The archdeacon originally was simply the chief of the deacons, who were the attendants and assistants of the bishop in Church affairs. His duties consisted in attend- ing the bishop at the altar and at ordina- tions, assisting him in nutnaging the revenues of the Church and directing the deacons in their duties. From being (lius mere assistants, archdeacons in the Fifth Century began to share the bishop's ])owers, and step by step attained to the authority they now enjoy, which from the Ninth Century became in many respects dis- tinct from that of the bishop. Several synods protested against the innovation, but it was con- tinued in the Eleventh and Twelfth centuries, when the archdeacons were recognized as the most influential of prelates. In the Thirteenth Century, their powers were limited by the estab- lishment of episcopal courts. Their dignity and influence is now very much reduced in the Roman Catholie Church, and many of their former functions are now exercised by vicar- generals.

There are now eighty-three archdeaconries in the Established Church of England. No person can be appointed to this office who has not been six years a priest. His duties include visitation of the parishes, holding synods, ordering repairs of churches, and in other ways being, as the canon law calls him, 'the bishop's eye.' He is addressed as 'Venerable.' In the American Prot- estant Episcopal Church the archdeacon exercises analogous functions, but the office is found in only thirty-nine out of the seventy-six dioceses, and the number in the dioceses where it has been introduced varies from one to six. The office is found in all branches of the Church of Eng- land and also in the Lutheran Church. ARCHDUKE, iireh'duk' (arch + duke, from Gk. dpxi- arehi-. chief + Lat. dux, leader). Arch- duke and archduchess are titles now taken by all the princes and princesses of the house of Austria. The title seems to have originated about the middle of the Twelfth Century, though it came into use only gradually. Rudolph IV. of Austria called himself Palatinus Arehidux. The name was fornuiUy conferred on the Haps- burgs by Frederick III. in 1453. Various noble houses, especially that of Bavaria, disputed the title with the Hapsburgs, but since Rudolph II., German Emperor from 1576 to 1612, their pre- cedence has been established. ARCHEDEMUS, ir'k.'-de'mus (Gk. 'Apxi- Sriixos, Archcdemos), called Gr..MON' (the 'blear- eyed'). A demagogue and popular speaker in Athens at the end of the Fifth Century and the beginning of the Fourth Century B.C. He is said to have been a foreigner who worked his way by fraud into the Athenian franchise, was poor, and was generally disliked by reason of his restless activity and uKMldlcsomeness. By bringing an accusation against Erasinides, he took the first steps toward the impeachment of the Athenian generals who took part in the battle of Arginusa', n.c. 400. ARCHEGONIUM, -ir'ke-go'ni-um (Gk. &p. X^oras, archeqonos, first of a race, primal). The peculiar female organ of mosses, ferns, coni-