Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/864

ARCHANGEL. sels visiting the port the British and Norwegian are the most numerous. Considerable inland shipping is carried on by a large number of smaller vessels navigating the Dvina. The fact that the harbor is ice-bound during the greater part of the year has been the greatest obstacle to the commercial growth of the city, fever since its foundation in 1584 by Czar Feodor. The city was named after the monastery on the Dvina, founded here by the Archbishop of Nov- gorod in the Twelfth Century with a view to missionary work among the pagan Choods. Pop. 1897, 20.933.

ARCHANGEL (Gk. dpx', prefix denoting dignity of rank -|- a77eXos, messenger, angel). A term occurring twice in the New Testament, 1. Thess. iv. 16 (referring indefinitely to an ex- alted angelic being), and Jude 9. The idea con- tained in the term is due to the Old Testament development of the conception of angels, which, in its earliest stage, involved nothing more than the positing of supernatural beings, whose vo- cation, generally speaking, was to be in varied ways agents of God. Gradually, however, the idea of moral distinctions among these angelic beings appeared, some of them being thought of as doing evil, as when in Gen. vi. 1-4, the 'sons of God' are spoken of as being led into a love for the 'daughters of men,' and some of them being pictured as instigating men to wickedness, as in 1. Chron. xxi. 1, where Satan is represented as moving David to number Israel. Finally, among the hosts, in which more or less they had been understood as existing, appeared the idea of ranks and even names, the book of Daniel referring to Gabriel (viii. 16; ix. 21) and to Michael, who is represented as "the great prince who standeth for the children of the people" (xii. 1). Both of these developed ideas — moral distinctions and ranks and names — are carried over into the New Testament writings, where use is frequently made of them. The first place in these ranks is evidently intended to be referred to in our term. See.

ARCHANGEL. See.

ARCHANGELICA, iirk'an-jel'i-ka. See.

ARCHAS, iir'kos. A character in Fletcher's The Loyal Subject; a much too "loyal subject" of the unworthy and thankless monarch in that play.

ARCHBISHOP, arch'bish'up (Gk. dpx'-, archi-, chief + 4irlirKOTros. riiiskopos, overseer). The title given to a metropolitan bishop who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. The archbishop was probably originally the bishop of the chief town. The office appears as early as the Fourth Century. In the Oriental Church the archbishops are still called 'metropolitans,' from the cir- cumstance mentioned. In the African Church, on the other hand, the term used was 'primus.' The great archbishoprics of the early Church were those of Jerusalem, Antioch, Ephesus, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Rome. Since the Sixth Century the Archbishop of Rome has borne the name of Pope (papa). There is an official letter by Justinian, addressed to "John. Archbishop of Rome and Patriarch." and several ecclesiastical constitutions are addressed to "Epiphanius,

Archbishop of Constantinople and Patriarch." The Synod of Antioch, in 341, assigned to the archbishop the superintendence over all the bish- oprics and a precedence in rank over all the bishops of the Church, who, on important mat- ters, were bound to consult him and be guided by his advice. By degrees there arose, out of this superiority of rank, privileges which at length assumed the character of positive juris- diction in ecclesiastical matters. Many of these rights passed to the patriarchs (q.v.) toward the end of the Fourth and during the Fifth Cen- tury, and still more to the Pope in the Ninth. The archbishops still retained jurisdiction, in the first instance, over their suffragans in matters which were not criminal, and over those who were subject to them they acted as a court of appeal. They possessed also the right of calling together, and presiding in. the provincial synods; the superintendence and power of visitation over the bishops of the metropolitan see; the power of enforcing the laws of the Church; the dispen- sation of indulgences, and the like. The arch- bishops further enjoyed the honor of having the cross carried before them in their own archi- episcopate, even in presence of the Pope himself, and of wearing the pallium.

In the Established Church of England there are two archbishops, both appointed by the sovereign, of whom the one has his seat at Canterbury, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kent; the other at York, the capital of Northumbria. But though, as ruling over a province in place of a single diocese, both have enjoyed the rank of metropolitans from the first, the Archbishop of Canterbury has all along enjoyed, not merely precedence as the successor of Augustine and the senior archbishop, but as possessing a preëminent and universal authority over the whole kingdom. This preëminence is marked in the titles which they respectively assume — the Archbishop of Canterbury being styled the Primate of All England (metropolitanus et primus totius Angliæ), while the Archbishop of York is simply called Primate of England (primus et metropolitanus Angliæ). It is also indicated by the places which they occupy in processions — the Archbishop of Canterbury, who has precedence of all the nobility, not only preceding the Archbishop of York, but the Lord Chancellor being interposed between them. Previous to the creation of an archbishopric in Ireland the authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury extended to that island. The amount of control which belongs to an archbishop over the bishops of his province is not very accurately defined: but if any bishop introduces irregularities into his diocese, or is guilty of immorality, the archbishop may call him to account and even deprive him. In 1822, the Archbishop of Armagh, who is Primate of Ireland, deposed the Bishop of Clogher on the latter ground. To the Archbishop of Canterbury belongs the honor of placing the crown on the sovereign's head at his coronation; and the Archbishop of York claims the like privilege in the case of the Queen-Consort, whose perpetual chaplain he is. The province of the Archbishop of York consists of the six northern counties, with Cheshire and Nottinghamshire. The rest of England and Wales form the province of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The dioceses of the two archbishops — that is to say, the districts in which they exercise ordinary episcopal functions