Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/859

ARCHÆOLOGY. they are ratlier rudely chipped from quartz, "quartzite. argillite, or other loeal or neigliboring rocks; and Holmes in JIaryland, Fovvke in Vir-

EMBLEMATIC GORGET. FROM RHEA COUNTY, TENN.

pinia, Mercer in Pennsylvania, and Phillips in Illinois, have traced the material to its orijiinal sources, and have deserilied the quarries and workshops whence the implements came — indeed, the tirst of these investigators has been able to trace the distribution of given materials from PLnMMET, MADE OF SANDY LIMESTO.N'E, FROM LOUISIANA. ]iarticular quarries, and has thus been able to throw light on aboriginal migrations and com- merce. Associated with these implements are found vessels of steatite (soapstone), elaborately wrought stone pipes of material ranging in hardnes.s from steatite to quartz, and a great variety of gorgets, pendants, etc., of polished stone, as well as stone disks, such as were used by the aborigines in games up to the time of the white settlement. These various types of stone artifacts have been found on the siirfaee in tumuli associated with skeletons, in shell-mounds on hundreds of village sites, and about scores of quarries and quarry workshops ; and both the certain relations that are found to prevail among prehistoric artifacts and the observa- tion of living peoples indicate that the flaked, chipped, and polished objects were made at the same time and by the same tribes — indeed, scores of specimens bear the unmistakable traces of manufacture by a combination of processes ranging from flaking and chi])])ing, to battering, grinding, and polishing. Toward the Pacific coast the stone implement types are much the same, though their relative abundance is differ- -^s^lSSi^ FLINT CORE, FROM WHICH FLAKES WERE CHIPPED, AND FLINT FLAKE USED AS A KNIFE. ent ; chipped arrow-points and spear-heads are comparatively rare, while polished stone pestles and mullers are abundant, associated with equally abundant mortars, either portable, or

TYPICAL POLISHED CELT (SIDE VIEW AND SECTION). FROM LINCOLN COUNTY. ARKANSAS.

shaped in natural ledges and great bowlders; while here, as in much of Mexico, and to some extent in the Pueblo country, blades of beauti- fullj' flaked and chipped obsidian (volcanic glass) are frequently found in ancient mounds and graves, as well as in the possession of aged shamans among the living tribes. Some of the California tribes noted bv Powers make little