Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/853

ARCHÆOLOGY. pie const met ion wc liml ICtruscan inlhu'ncc at work in tlic earlier ])erio(l, in Ixitli form and (U'foration. Later Greek arcliiteeture is eom- liined with native elements in elaborate and lux- uriant structures.

The so-called Attic Renaissance in sculpture about the bcfiinninfc of the period we are now considerinf;. i.e. when Greece had been brought under Kouian dominion, introduced no new ele- ments, but carried on with enfeebled ability the old. This revival is best known to us through the "Farnese Hercules," an exaggerated work of which the motive is derived from Lysippus.

The school of the First Century n.c, founded by Pasiteles, a native of southern Italy, and con- tinued by his pupil Stephanus, and Stepbanus's pupil, Menelaus. deserves mention as exercising somewhat of independent inllnence. It is char- acterized by a return to the types and style of the end of the archaic period, hut combines them with types and tecbni(|ue belonging to its own time. During tliis period we also find the growth of the archaistic style, which imitated the stiff drapery, awkward smile, and other peculiarities of the archaic art.

The most active class of sculptors at Rome in the time of the late Republic and early Empire were from Asia Jlinor. Best known among such is Agasias, the artist of the so-called '"Borghese Gladiator."

From the time of .ugustus on. we meet, side Iiy side Avith a vast im]iortati(in of ancient Greek works and re])roductions of them in copies, a host of portrait statues and busts, triumphal arches and elaborate public and private buildings of all kinds. A most splendid specimen of Roman portrait-statuary is that of .ugustus in general's uniform, now in the Vatican. In it are admirably condjined grand and realistic por- traiture and rich decorative effects, particularly in the cuirass. Especially notewortliy also are the reliefs of the Ara Pacis Augusti and of the triumphal arches, such as that of Titus. In these fields of portraiture and historical relief, the art of Roman times offers much that shows originality and strength, but in general it is imitative of the Greek. Consult: Wickotf, Ro- man Art, translated by Eugenie Sellers Strong (London and New York, 1900).

Of idealistic bronze statuary we have a beau- tiful example in the "Victory of Brescia" of the First Century a.d.

The era of Hadrian is the last period of vigor- ous impulse in art among the Romans. That Emperor's passion for ancient art. both Egyptian and Greek, and his encouragement of new works, both at home and abroad, is well known. To his reign arc to be assigned the various idealized portraits of his famous Bithynian favorite An- tinoiis. In numismatics the last period of continued decline (n.c. 14fi-2"). that of the coinage of the Roman Empire down to Galliemis (n.c. 27 to ,.n. 268). falls in here. The material is vasf; and here, too, the element of realistic portraiture is prominent.

The luxui-y of the Romans manifested itself in the multiplication of elaborate mosaics, rich jewelry, wonderful intaglios, both in stone and in paste, costly glassware and the like. But of all this art. which cannot be fully discussed here, suffice it to say that it involves no new principles. It is merely tlic bloom of that decay which was fast consuming the ancient world.

Further information concerning single branches of archa'ological research is presented under the titles of ancient countries. The articles on these countries include the art, monuments, lan- guage, religion, laws, etc., of the early inhabi- tants. Among such articles are: As.svRiA ; Babylonia; Koypp; Piicexicia; China; Japan; Persia; Ceylo.v; and India. For information with regard to the arts of ancient countries, the reader is referred to the series of special articles on ..s.syi!1an Art; Babylonian ,-rt: Eoyptian .Art; Bible Antiqi'Ities: Chinese .rt; .Japan- ese Art; Inoian Art; Anolo-Saxon Am. etc. More specific infornuition about discoveries at particular places is included under the titles of those places — as, for example, Karnak; Koyln- .iik: Persepolis — and under the names of the excavators, such as BoTTA ; Ledyard; Petrie; Peters; Mariette; 1Iasp£ro, etc. See further the articles on .GRiciLTrRE; .Aqieduct; .Archi- tecture; Armies; Navies; Brick; Building; Costume; Cuneiform Inscriptions; Glass; Hieroglyphics; Numismatics; Rosetta Stone; -Xjiarna Letters. For biblical archa?olog>-. in addition to the general title, see .tonement, Day of ; Baal : Dagon ; Es.senes ; Festivals ; Judges, Book of; Levites; Magic; Nazirite; Priests; Proselyte; Purim; Remphan; Rim- MON ; Sabbath ; Sacrifices ; Sadducees ; Scribes; Tabernacle; Tammuz; Temple; Tera- PIIIM; I'RIM AND ThUMMIM; VoWS.

ARCHAEOLOGY, .American. In many re- spects the Western Hemisphere forms a distinct areha-oiogic field, and one of peculiar interest to the student. In the first place the two great continents, with their insular appendages, form a single ethnic province, .i.e., from the earliest times up to Caucasian discovery, the lands were inhabited by the single tribe or race of man- kind known as the -Amerind, or American type; and though the province is vast, yet throughout its extent the tribes and their works bear what may be called the family resemblance ia a strik- ing degree. In the second jilace, the .American aborigines, from the .Arctic to the Antarctic, were remarkably similar in cultural development. True, some of the tribes discovered by Caucasians represented lower savagery, while others (as in ilexico and Peru) occupied the higher planes of barbarism verging on civilization, yet the cultural range reju'esented by their works is narrower than that of any other ethnic province save -Australia. Furthermore, the aboriginal tribes survived until the spirit of inquiry among the European invaders of the Continent had been developed, and until observation and records were well advanced. By reason of the several condi- tions, a distinctive, if not a novel, science of arehiieology has grown up in the Western Hemi- sphere. In the -American system, prehistoric arti- facts are interpreted in the light of the observed uses of artifacts, recorded by earlj' explorers or studied by modern investigators: the modern artifacts are interpreted in the light of primi- tive thought ascertained by current inquiries into primitive arts, industries, laws, languages, and faiths — and thus the ancient and the modern, the prehistoric and the historic, the living and the dead are correlated in a simple yet compre- hensive scheme at once coextensive with the world's greatest ethnic province and sufliciently