Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/841

ARCHÆOLOGY. graves at ^Mywiia'. lii Italy tlip profrress of discovery lias been somewhat limited Ijy a re- fusal to permit forei^iers to engage in the work; but archseologieal study flourishes not only among the Italians, but under the direction of the German and French Institutes and the Amer- ican School (1895).

As may be inferred from this brief outline, archeology is an eminently progressive science, and in al! its departments subject to constant re- vision. The steady increase of material, and the tilling of gaps in the general structure, as well as continual correction or rejection of hastily formed theories and insufficiently supported con- clusions, will occupy savants for generations to come. We can deal only provisicmally with the most certain and generally acc<'pte(l data, supple- menting the stah-ments of ancient writers by the monuments, and interpreting the monuments in turn bj' our literary sources.

. For the history of archaeologic- al study: Stark, Si/fiteiiiatil: tind (leschichte der Archdologle der Kunst (Leipzig, 1880); Sittl, Aichiiolofiie der Kunst with atlas (Volume VI. of Jliiller, Handl>ii<h der klass. Alterthumsirissen- schuft, JIunich, IS'.lo) ; this is the only recent work, l)ut must be used with caution. On the general subject: ilUUer, Ancient Art and Its Hemnins, translated by Leitch (London, 18.50), is still valuable; CoUignon, Manual of Greek Arcliwologi/, translated by J. H. Wright (New York, 188(i) ; A. S. Murray, Handbook of Greek Arcluvologij (London, 1S92); Baumeister, Dpiifc- mdler des klass. Alterthunis (ilunich, 1885-88) ; Perrot and Chipiez, Histoire de I'art dans Van- iiquite, seven volumes published (Paris, 1881 seq.). For the history of discoveries, besides the works mentioned under the separate places, good brief accounts are to be found in P. Gardner, yew Chapters in Greek History (London, 1892), and Diehl, Excursions in Greece, translated by E. R. Perkins (London, 1893). For a summary of recent results, see Hogarth, Authority and Arclueolor/y (London, 1S99). The record of dis- coveries is preserved chiefly in periodicals, of which the most important is the old series of the German Archaeological Institute ; Amiali and Bnllelino dell' Istituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica (Rome, 1829-85), and the Monu- ment i Inedoti, twelve volumes and supplen.ent (Rome, 1829-85: Berlin, 1891) ; Archiiologische 7,eitvng (Berlin, 1843-85). Other important peri- odicals are: In German, Jahrhuch des kaiser- Vch deutschen areliiiotogischcn Instituts (Ber- lin, 1885 If.); Mittheilungeii des kaiserlich deutschen archiiologisehen Instituts, Athenische Abtheilung (Athens, 1870 ft'.); liomische Ab- theihinq (Rome, 1886 ft'.) : Antike Denkmiiler, folio (Berlin, 1887 tf.) ; Jahrbiirher des Vereins der AUertumsfreunde im Hheinlande (Bonn, 1842 ft'.). For the Roman antiquities of Ger- many, Archiiologisch-epigra ph Isehe Mittheilungeii (iH.s Osterreieh (Vienna. 1877-97), superseded by Jahreshefte des /islerrricliischcn archiiologisehen. Instituts (Vienna, 1898 ft'.). In French, Revue oreheologique (Paris, 18S4 ft'.) ; Gazette arche- ologue (Paris, 1875-89) ; Bulletin de Carre- spondance HelUuiquc (Athens, 1877 ff.). In Italian, Monumenti antichi (Jlilan, 1889 ff . ) : Xotizie degli scari di Aniiehita (Rome, 187(J fl'. ). In Greek, ^E4>-n/j.epls^Apxai.ooyiKri. Ephemeris Archuiologikc (Athens, 1837-0; lS(!2-74; 1883 ti'. ). In English, Journal of Hellenic Studies (London, 1880 ff.), and American Journal of Archwology (Baltimore, Boston, Princeton, Nor- wood, 1885 ft'.). The American School of Clas- sical Studies at Athens has published six vol- umes of papers (1885-97) and the British School an Annual since 1895.

For our purpose we may divide the general subject of classical arch.Tologj', from an histori- cal point of view, into the following periods:

I. Pre-Mycena'an Period, from the earliest times to c.1800 B.C.

II. M.ycena?an Perio<l, from e.lSOO B.C. or earlier, to the Dorian conquest, e.lOOO B.C.

III. Earlier Hellenic Period, from c.lOOO B.C. to the era of the Persian Wars, e.500 B.C.

. Period of Hellenic Prime, from c.oOO B.C. to the Macedonian supremacy, c.350 B.C. — the period of Phidias and Praxiteles.

V. Period of Hellenic Dissemination and De- cline, from e.350 B.C. to the Roman con<piest, C.150 B.C. — the period of Lysippus and of the Rhodian and Pergamene Schools, so called.

VI. Roman Period, from c.150 B.C. to c.150 ..D. or later — the period of the union and united achievement of Greek and Roman civilization. For convenience, the consideration of Roman art, properly so called, will be reserved to the last ])eriod. Space will permit only a brief men- tion of the chief monuments and important char- acteristics of each period.

I. The Pre-Mycen.ean Period. This period has naturally no definite chronological beginning, nor even a distinctly marked close. As its name shows, it includes the remains of the Stone and early Bronze ages, which by their position in the archieological strata, and their distinctive types, plainly preceded the appearance and spread of the highlj' characteristic civilization which marks our second period. This primitive age lasted much longer in some regions than in others. On the island of Cyprus it lingered in the interior long after the Mycen.nean products had appeared on the coast. On the islands of the -Egean, at least on Thera, Melos, and Crete, it i)roduced pottery, paintings, and buildings lit- tle inferior in merit to those of the succeeding age. though sufficiently distinct in character to indicate a non-Mycenfean origin. The period is represented by the lower strata, especially the second city, at Troy, the earliest remains on the Acropolis of Athens, and at Tiryns, and especially by the numerous graves on the islands of the .Egean — ,morgos, Syros, Siphnos, Naxos, Paros, and others — and the buried villages and tombs of Thera and Melos. As usual, the pottery is the most characteristic and abundant survival. In the earliest deposits it is hand-made, and often rude in texture and form, though some of the later ware, especially from Cyprvis and Thera, shows considerable skill in molding. The decorations are commonly incised lines, sometimes filled in with a white substance. The color is usually gray or red (produced by burning), and the surface is smooth and polished. The burials are in cist-graves. Implements are chiefly of stone, though small objects of copper are found, and in the later remains bronze appears. Very characteristic are the rude "idols," images of terracotta and stone, which commonly represent a nude female, and have been associated by some archa'ologists with the cult of the great eastern goddess Ishtar or Astarte. Toward the end of this period a marked advance