Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/833

ARBROATH. in 1178. The King was interred in it in 1214. In the abbey, Bruce and the Scottish nobles met in 1320, to resist the claims of Edward II. to Scotland. Its ruins, which are cruciform, 270 by 160 feet, are very picturesque, presenting lofty towers, columns, gothic windows, etc. The chief industries of Arbroath are flax-spinning, jute-spinning, and the manufacture of sail-cloth. The new harbor, begun in 1841, admits vessels of 400 tons; it is protected by a breakwater. The chief exports are grain, potatoes, fish, pork, and paving-stones. Arbroath is a royal burgh, and, in conjuction with Montrose, Brechin, Forfar, and Bervie burghs, returns one member to Parliament. Population, with suburbs, in 1901, 22,372. The famous Bellrock lighthouse stands in the sea twelve miles southeast of Arbroath.

ARBUÉS,, (1441-85). A Spanish inquisitor. He was born at Epila, Aragon; became a member of the Augustinian College at Saragossa, and in 1484 was appointed first inquisitor of Saragossa by Torquemada, inquisitor-general. He was a tireless persecutor of all heretics, real or suspected, and was finally slain through a conspiracy of the friends of his victims. He was canonized by Pope Pius IX. in 1867. AR'BUTHNOT, (1667-1735). A Scotch author and physician, the contemporary and friend of Pope and Swift. He was the son of an Episcopal clergyman, and was born at Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire. He studied medicine at Aberdeen, but took his degree at Saint Andrews. Arbuthnot's father lost his preferment at the outbreak of the Revolution. His sons' prospects being thus blighted in their own country, the family were compelled to go abroad to seek their fortune. John went soon after to London, and there supported himself by teaching mathematics. In 1697 he published an examination of Dr. Woodward's account of the Deluge, which brought him into notice as a person of unusual ability. Accident called him into attendance on Prince George of Denmark, who thenceforth patronized him. In 1709 he was appointed physician in ordinary to the Queen, and in 1710 was elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians. On the death of Queen Anne, in 1714, he lost his place at court, and his circumstances were never so prosperous afterward. In 1717, Arbuthnot, with Pope, helped Gay in a farce, entitled Three Hours After Marriage, which, however, proved a complete failure. In 1723 he was chosen second censor of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1727 he pronounced the Harveian oration for the year. He died at Hampstead in 1735.

Arbuthnot's literary fame rests upon two humorous pieces. In 1712 he published the History of John Bull, one of the most amusing of political satires. After his death appeared (in Pope's Works, 1741) the Memoirs of ../Martinus Scriblerus/ (q.v.), in which all kinds of pedantry is ridiculed. John Bull as a nickname for England has been traced back no farther than Arbuthnot, and Scriblerus is one of the important sources of Sterne's Tristram Shandy. Arbuthnot was one of the most amiable of men. To him Pope addressed his best Epistle, and Swift said that if there were a dozen Arbuthnots in the world he would burn his Travels.

Consult G. A. Aitkin, Life and Works of Arbuthnot (London, 1892).

ARBUTHNOT, (1711-94). A British admiral. He became a commander in 1746 and a captain in 1747; was commissioner of the navy at Halifax, N. S., from 1775 to 1778; became a rear-admiral in 1778, and in 1779 was appointed vice-admiral and placed in command of the North American Station. In conjunction with Sir Henry Clinton he captured Charleston, S. C., after a long siege, in 1780 (May 12), and in March, 1781, fought an indecisive engagement with a French fleet off Cape Henry. He surrendered his command to Rear-Admiral Graves in July, 1781, returned to England, and though he saw no more actual service, he became by seniority Admiral of the Blue in 1793. As a naval officer he was absurdly inefficient, being ignorant of even the rudiments of naval tactics, and as a man he seems to have been known to his contemporaries as a coarse and blustering bravo. Consult Ralfe, Naval Biography (London, 1820).

ARBUTUS, or  (Lat., the wild strawberry tree). A genus of plants of the order Ericaceæ. The species, which number about twenty, are mostly European and North American shrubs and small trees. In many species the leaves are evergreen and shining, the branches usually smooth and red. Such a species is Arbutus unedo, the Strawberry Tree, extensively planted as an ornament in parks. It is a native of the south of Europe, and is not hardy in the colder parts of the United States. It is highly valued in California. The flowers, which are white, are produced in great abundance; the fruit, which resembles a strawberry in size and color, is ripened the second year. In this way flowers and fruits occur together, and, with the bright green leaves, make the tree very attractive. The fruit is edible and often utilized, especially in Spain, where sugar and a spirit are manufactured from it. A second species, Arbutus Menziesii, is the madroña of California. It is fairly hardy, and as a tree often attains a height of eighty to one hundred feet. Arbutus Arizonica, a tree forty to fifty feet high, has the bark of the trunk white, of the branches red, which, together with the pale-green leaves, make a pleasing contrast. A few fossil forms have been described under the name Arbutites, from the Eocene of Europe. ARBUTUS, (Epigæa repens). A prostrate or trailing plant, called Mayflower in New England and Ground Laurel in the Southern States, with evergreen leaves, rusty, bristly shoots, and axillary clusters of fragrant, rose-colored or white flowers, opening in early spring; found in sandy or rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines. It grows from Canada to Texas, but is particularly abundant in New England, the Middle and South Atlantic States, as well as in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

ARC (Lat. areus. a bow). Any part of a curved line. It is usually limited to a part not including a cusp, and more particularly is applied to part of the circumference of a circle, as in the following statements: The straight lino joining the ends of an arc is called its chord. Arcs of different circles are similar when they subtend equal central angles of their respective circles; if these circles are equal, so are the