Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/814

ARABIC LANGUAGE. -93); Wiedemann, Ueber die 7aturwissenschaften bei den Arabern (Hamburg. 1890); Suter. Die Mathemaiiker und Astrotwincn der Araber (Leipzig. 1900).

ARABIC NU'MERALS. See ; and.

ARABIC VER'SIONS. See.

AR'ABIN. The chief constituent of giim-arabic, obtained by precipitating an acidulated aqueous solution "of gum-arabic with ordinary alcohol.

ARABI PASHA. a-ra'be pa-shii', properly Ahmed Arabi (c. 1837—). Leader of the na- tional party in Egypt in 1882. He was born of fellah parents in Lower Egj'pt, and his early youth was spent as a laborer. He sen'ed for twelve years as a private soldier in the Egyptian army, and gradually rose to the rank of colonel. He took advantage of the discontent which prevailed in Egypt on account of the foreign influence to organize a rebellion on the issue of "Egypt for the Egyptians." The lack of energy shown by the Khedive Tewfik permitted Arabi to acquire great influence. He participated in the revolt against Xubar Pasha, obtained the removal of the ministry, and entered the new cabinet as minister of war (1882). In this position he be- came a virtual autocrat, setting aside the Anglo- French financial control. Enghind now inter- vened and a war ensued. On July 11-12, 1882, an English fleet bombarded Alexandria. Arabi withdrew, and the British undertook a vigorous campaign against him, completely defeating him September 13. 1S82, at Tel-el-Kebir. He surren- dered the following day, and a sentence of death was passed upon him, but it was commuted to life exile in Ceylon. The movement he had headed collapsed! and its only result was the permanent estalilishment of British control in Ewypt. He was pardoned by the British Govern- ment in December, 1900, and permitted to re- turn to Egypt.

Consult: Long, The Three Prophets — Chinese GordoH, Mohammed Ahmed {el Mahdi). AraU Pusha (ew York, 1884): Broadley, How ^Ye Defeated Arabi und His Friends (London, 1884). See Egypt.

ARABKIR, ii'rab-ker'. A town of Asiatic Turkev, about one lunulred and seventy miles northwest of Diarbekr (Map: Turkey in Asia, H 3 ). It lies on the route from Aleppo to Trebi- zond and is of considerable commercial impor- tance. Population estimated at from 23,000 to 30,000, including a considerable number of Armenians.

AR'ABY. A poetical form, especially cur- rent in the Renaissance, for Arabia. ARACAJTJ, ii'ra-ka-zhoo'. The capital and cliief port of the Brazilian State of Sergipe, situ- ated aliout seven miles from the coast on the river Cotindiba (Map: Brazil, K 0). The city is regularly built and ccmtains an agricultural school. It is connected by rail with Capella and Signao Diaz in the interior, and has an estimated population of (iOOO, including a number of In- dians.

AR'ACAN’. See Abakan.

ARACARI, a'ra-kii're (Port.). A toucan of the genus Pteroglossus. See Toucan. ARACATf, a'r:i-ca-te'. A port in the State of Ceara, Brazil, on the river .Jaguaribe. ten miles from its mouth, and seventy-five miles southeast of Ceara (Map: Brazil, K 4). Its harbor is shal- low, with a shifting bar at the entrance, but can be entered at high tide. Its exports are hides, cotton, and sugar. It maintains regular steam- ship communication with Pernambuco. and has a population of about (>000. It was foimded in 1723.

ARA'CE.Æ. See Abum.

ARACHIS, ar'a-kis. See Peanut.

ARACHNE, a-rak'ne (Gk. ''Apaxurj. arachne, lit. spider). The mythical Lydian girl who. hav- ing excited Athene's anger by challenging her to a contest in weaving, was changed by the irate goddess to a spider. Her fate, and especially her skill with the shuttle and the loom, have been a favorite tlienie among the poets.

ARACH'NIDA (Gk. dpax^v, arachiic, a spider). A class of air-breathing arthropods including the mites, scorpions, spiders, and a few other less well-known groups. The typical Arachnida have the head and the thorax more or less fused into a "cephalothorax," four pairs of legs, and no aiitenn;^, the maxillary palp., functioning as antenn:!'. The eyes are all simple, and vary in number from two to twelve. By the number and arrangement of these eyes the species of spiders are determined. The abdomen possesses no true legs, but the three aljdomiiial spinnerets of s]>iders are homologous with legs. Besides the spinneret-glands in the abdominal region of spiders there are poison-glands in the last abdominal scgiiieut of scorpions, located at the base of the sting. In other forms the poison is emitted tlirough the hollow Jaws. The Arachnida breathe by means of trachea?, like other insects, or by means of sacklike bodies called "lungs" that open on the under side of the abdomen; but some forms breathe by both tracheie and lungs. All the Arachnida are carniv- orous save some of the mites, which live on plant- sap. Most of the animal-feeders jirey upon other insects, and hence are the friends of agri- culture. A few forms are parasitic on warm- blooded vertebrates and fish, and eau.se or accom- pany such diseases as itch and mange. The his- tory of this class goes back to Palteozoic times. Classifieation. — The Arachnida are divided into seven orders: (1) Solpugida, or wind scor- pions; (2) Scorpionida, or scorpions; (3) Pseu- doseorpionida. book-scorpions; (4) Pcdipalpida, or whip-scorpions; (.3) Phalangida, or harvest- men; (6) Araneida. or spiders; and (7) Acarida, or mites. The following groups are believed by many to fall into the class Arachnida. but their relationships are doubtful: Linguatulida, or tongue-parasites of the dog; Tardigrada, or w ater-bears; Pycnogonida, or sea-spiders; Xiphosura. or king-crabs. See MiTEs; Scor- pions: Spiders: Harvest-Man.

ARACH'NOID MEM'BRANE. One of the three coverings of tlio Itrain and spinal cord. It is a thin, glistening membrane, which, by its parietal layer, adheres inseparably to the duramater on its outer side, and more loosely to the pia-mater, which is between it and the brain substance. Between the pia-mater and the araelinoid membrane in some situations there are considerable intervals (sub-arachnoid spaces). See C'erebro-Spixal Fluid; Nervous System.