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APPLE OF DISCORD. which was thrown by Eris, or Discord, into the midst of the company at the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. The prize was claimed by Juno, Minerva, and Venus, and was adjudged to Venus by Paris, who was called in to make the award. The decision brought about the Trojan War. APPLE OF SOD'OM. See. APPLE SHELL, or APPLE SNAIL. A large, globose, amphibious mollusk of the warmer parts of Africa and America, of the family Ampullariidæ. They inhabit marshes, attaching their large eggs to the leaves of water plants, where they are searched for and devoured by birds. They possess both lungs and gills, and in some regions use both these organs in rapid alternation, as was observed by Semper (Animal Life, New York, 1881, p. 191)" in the Philippines. "The ampullaria," he remarks, "lying not far from the surface of the water, protrudes above it a breathing siphon, and inhales air through it; then it closes its lungs, reopens the siphon, and admits a stream of water through it into the branchial cavity." The shells are large, thin, brilliantly striped (see colored plate of Snails), and are known in South America as idol-shells. See plate of Ab.lone, etc. AP'PLETON. A city and the county seat of Outagamie County, Wis., 100 miles north-west of Milwaukee, on the Chicago and North-western, and Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroads (Map: Wisconsin, E 4). It is situated on the falls of the Fox River, which by a series of dams is navigable for steamboats and, with a fall of about fifty feet, supplies extensive water power for various manufactures, of which paper is the most important. Appleton has a public library and is the seat of Appleton Collegiate Institute and Lawrence University, a Methodist Episcopal institution, organized 1847. Appleton was settled in 1840. and incorporated as a village in 1853, as a city in 1857. A mayor, elected biennially, and a bicameral city council, composed of the city ollieials, and twelve aldermen, are provided bv the amended charter of 1886. Population. 1890, 11,869; 1900, 15,085. APPLETON,  (1841-79). An English editor. He was born at Reading, and was educated at Saint John's College, Oxford, and in Germany. He is remembered chiefly as the organizer of the movement for the "endowment of research," and as founder (1869) and editor (1869-79) of the Academy, the distinguishing characteristic of which was its signed articles. Consult: John H. Appleton and A. H. Savre, Life and Literary Relics (London, 1881). APPLETON, (1785-1849). An American publisher. He was born in Haverhill, Mass.; first engaged in the dry-goods business there and in Boston, and in 1825 removed to New York to follow the same business. He gradually combined the importing of books with the dry-goods trade, and finally devoted himself entirely to the book business, publishing his first book in 1831. The firm which he established, known ever since as D. Appleton & Co., is continued by his descendants. APPLETON, (1821-78). An American publisher, the third son of Daniel Appleton. He was born in Andover, Mass., studied at Leipzig, and for a number of years

was a publisher and bookseller in Philadelphia. In 1849, with three brothers, John, William, and Sidney, he succeeded to his father's publishing business in New York. APPLETON, (1786-1862). An American temperance reformer, born at Ipswich, Mass. He fought as colonel of militia in the War of 1812, and was promoted to be a brigadier-general. Having removed to Maine, he was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1836. In 1837 he presented to the Legislature a report in which were advanced the principles that afterward became the basis of the Maine liquor law. APPLETON, (1772-1819). An American educator. He was born at New Ipswich, N. H. ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1792, and was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church, Hampton. N. H., in 1797. From 1807 to 1819 he was president of Bowdoin College. President Franklin Pierce was his son-in-law. APPLETON, (1815-64). An American diplomatist. He was born at Beverly, Mass., and graduated at Bowdoin College in 1834. He was chargé d'affaires to Bolivia (1848-49), a member of Congress from 1851 to 1853. secretary of legation in London (1855-56), assistant secretary of state (1857), and minister to Russia (1860-61). APPLETON, (1844—). An American chemist. He was born at Portland, Maine, and received his education at Brown University, where he became instructor in 1863 and professor of chemistry in 1868. He wrote a series of popular text-books that are well known for their attractive form and clearness of exposition. The series includes: The Young Chemist (Philadelphia. 1878); Qualitative Chemical Analysis (Philadelphia, 1878) ; Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Boston, 1881); Chemistry of the Non-Metals (Providence, 1884); The Metals of the Chemist (Providence, 1891); Chapters on the Carbon Compounds (Providence, 1892); and Lessons in Chemical Philosophy (2d ed. New York, 1890). APPLETON, (1779-1861). An American merchant, born at New Ipswich, N. H. He was in partnership with his brother Samuel in Boston. With others, he started the first power-loom for weaving cotton in the United States. He was one of the Merrimac Company whose enterprise founded the city of Lowell (q.v.). He served several terms in the Massachusetts Legislature; in 1830 and in 1842 he was a member of Congress, where he was one of the prominent advocates of a tariff for protection. APPLETON, (1760-1853). An American merchant and philanthropist, brother of Nathan Appleton, born at New Ipswich, N. H. He passed his boyhood on a farm. In 1794 he and his brother Nathan went into the English trade in Boston, and afterwards added cotton manufacturing, in which they made a fortune. He retired from active business in 1823. and devoted his entire income to benevolent and scientific purposes, for which he bequeathed $200,000. APPLETON, (1812-84). An American jioct. artist, and scholar, patron of art and science, born in Boston. He was a brother-in-law of the poet Longfellow, and was a noted wit and raconteur. His verses are collected in Faded Leaves; his prose in A Vile Journal (1870); Syrian Sunshine (1877); Windfalls,