Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/783

APPLE. the United States also, is that known as apple-tree canker, caused by Xectria ditissima. The fungus gains entrance through wounds, destroying the bark, and later attacking and destroying the wood. Where the attack is slight, cutting out the diseased areas and coating the cut surface with tar will prove bcnclicinl. Where the tree is seriously affected, it should be cut down and burned, as it cannot be restored to health and is a menace to sound trees. This same fungus at- tacks a number of other kinds of trees, as oak, alder, dogwood, maple, etc. Insect Pests. A large number of in- tent-worms and canker-worms (q.v.) are promi- nent among these. In Kurope the principal damage is done by a small while, black-spotted ermine-moth [Hj/piioineuta paileltiis), and in Japan by a moth {Laveriia hercllern), whose larviE live in the core of the fruit. The worst American insect of this class is the codling-moth, which may be treated by spraying with an in- secticide (q.v.). Paris green or London purple is most frequently used for this purpose. A calen- dar showing tile kind and approximate time of spraying to check insect pests and diseases is given below:

SPRAY CALENDAR FOR THE APPLE.

NAME OF TROUBLE. TREATMENT. U TREATMENT. m TREATMENT. IV TREATMENT. V TEEATMENT. Scab Copper sulphate so- lution before buds break. Bordeaux mixture at same time aa Treatment II lor Apple Scab. Bordeaux mixture about July 15 as a safeguard. Paris green in II treatment for Scab. Paris green or Lon- don purple before blossoms open or as soon as they fall. Paris green or Lon- don purple. Seelll treatment (orscab. Paris green aa soon as tips of leaves show in bud. Bordeaux mixture wheiileafbudsare open but before flower bada expand. Sameas III for Apple Scab. Bordeaux mixture 10 days later. Repeat (I) In 8 to 10 days. Repeat (I) before blossom buds open. Bordeaux mixture and Paris green as soon as blos- soms huve fallen. Same as IVfor Ap- ple Scab. Ammoniacal Car- bonate of Copper as substitute for Bordeauxassoon as fruits are three-fourths grown. Repeat (I) in two weeks after (II). Bordeaux mixture 10—12 days after (HI). Repeat (I) if sec- ond brood is troublesome. Repeat (III) once or twice at inter- vals of two weeks. NoTE-This disease Bitter Rot is liable to cause loss of foliage near harvest time. Am- moniacal Copper Carbonate should be used for late treatjuente. Tent Caterpillar NoTE-To lessen ex- pense, combine in- secticides and fun- gicides— i.e., use Paris green or London purple with Bordeaux mixture whenever the poison is desired.

sects injuriously atTect apple trees and fruit, among which certain beetles and moths are pre- eminent. Borers. — Wood-boring beetles are very destructive, especially the round-headed borer {Saperda randida) (see Plate of Beetles), and the flat-headed borer [Chrysobothris feinorata). Tlie former is the worst enemy, after the codling- moth, of apple-culture in the United States; and like the others does its damage as a grub, born from an egg laid in the bark, where it bores into and feeds upon the sap-wood. A special de- scription of these beetles and other apple-eating beetles, with advice as to control of similar pests, is given by F. H. Chittenden in Entomological Virciilar A'o. 32, second .series, and Bullctiyi 22, of the United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1S98-1900). Various root-borers and fruit-l)orers are also to be feared here and in foreign lands, especially in Australia, where also a harlequin fruit-bug is dangerous. Moths. — Im])ortant enemies are to be found among the Lepidoptera, which place eggs within the blos- som, whence caterpillars develop within the ripened fruit; or which destroy the leaves. The Directions for making and applying these sprays may be found in the article Fungicide. Fossil Forms. The genus Pyrus is known in a fossil state from the Cretaceous of North Amer- ica and the Tertiary of North America and Europe.

Consult: J. A. Warder, American Pomology, Part I., Apples (New York, 1867); Bailey, Field Notes on Apple Culture (New York, 1880); Re- port of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, The Apple (Topeka, ISnS); Reports of United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology (Washington). APPLE BRAN'DY. Brandy produced by distilling the fermented juice of apples. It was at one time extensively produced in New Jersey, where it was known as "Apple-jack," and on account of its ardent and intoxicating qualities as "Jersey Liglitning." The process of manufacture is similar to that employed in distilling the juices of other fruits, which will be found described in the article Distilled Liquors.

APPLE OF DISCORD. A golden fruit bearing the inscription, "For the most beautiful,"