Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/765

APOLLONIUS. to 205. at Alexandria and Pergamum. His principal work was a treatise on Conic Sections, in eight books, the first four of which, accompanied by a sixth-century commentary on same by Eutocius, have come down to us in the original Greek. Books I.-VII. were twice translated into Arabic in the Ninth and Tenth centuries, and from one of these Arabic translations there is a Latin translation of Books V.-VII. Of Book VIII. there exist only certain lemmata of Pappus, dating from the Third and Fourth centuries a.d. This work, containing four hundred problems, was so complete that it left little for his successors to improve. He wrote on the methods of arithmetic calculation, on statics, the stations and regressions of the planets (a work upon which Ptolemy drew in writing the Almagest), and on transversals of conics, which laid the foundation for the geometry of position. Among his other works deserving mention are: De Sectione SpatriiSpatii [sic], De Sectione Determinata, and De Tractionibus. Apollonius's problem, "To draw a circle tangent to three given circles in a plane," found in his treatise on Contact, has been solved by Newton, Vieta, and others. Consult: Halley, Opera et Studia (Oxford, 1810), which is the best edition of the extant works of Apollonius: Heisberg, Apollonii Peræi quæ Græce Exstant Opera (Leipzig, 1891- 93). T. L. Heath's Cambridge edition also deserves mention. APOLLONIUS, OF Tyana. A native of Tyana, in Cappadocia, who lived in the time of Christ. He was a zealous follower of the doctrines of Pythagoras. He traveled through Asia to Nineveh and Babylon, thence to India, where, at the court of King Phraortes, he met Jarchas, the principal Brahmin. When Apollonius returned from this pilgrimage, his fame as a wise man was greatly increased; the people regarded him as a worker of miracles and a divine being, and princes were glad to entertain him at their courts. He himself seems to have claimed insight into futurity, rather than the power of working miracles. Yet in Rome it was claimed that he raised a young woman from the dead. He was acquitted of treason by Nero, because the indictment had vanished from the paper. After extensive travels in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Ethiopia, he was accused of having taken part in an insurrection against Domitian. He appeared before the tribunal, but soon miraculously vanished. Ultimately, he appears to have settled in Ephesus, where he opened a Pythagorean school, and continued his teaching until he died, nearly one hundred years old. His history was written by Philostratus (q.v.), but is plainly a religious novel intended for the entertainment of Julia, wife of the Emperor Severus, who, however, died ere its completion. The travels of the Apostle Paul are a more likely inspiration to this work than the Gospel narrative of Christ. It contains a mass of absurdities and fables, through which an outline of historical facts and the real character of the man are sufficiently discernible. Hierocles, a heathen statesman and opponent of Christianity, wrote, in the Third Century, a work on the life and doctrines of Apollonius, with a view to prove their superiority to the doctrine of Christ. In modern times, the notorious English free- thinker Blount, and Voltaire in France, have renewed the attempt. Consult: B. L. Gildersleeve, Essays and Studies (New York, 1890), and L. Dyer, Studies of the Gods in Greece (New York, 1804); and for the life of Aj)ollimins, Philostratus in the Teubner series. Vol. I. (Leip- zig, 1870-71): French translation, A. Chassang (Paris, 1802): German translation, E. Baltzer (Rudolstadt, 1883); also the famous ess;iy of F. C. Baur, "Apollonius von Tyana und Christ- us," in Drei Abhandliinffcn (ed. Zeller, Leipzig, 1876); O. de B. Priaul.x, The Indian Trarels of Apollonius of Tyana (London, 1873); D. M. Tredwell, A Sketch of the Life of Apollonius of Tyana {New York, 1880); G. R. S. Mead, Apol- lonius of Tyana (London, 1001). APOLLONIUS, OF Tyke. The hero of a Greek romame now lost, which in a Latin ver- sion enjoyed great popularity in the Middle Ages, and was translated into almost all the languages of 'estern Europe. In it are related the ro- mantic adventures which befell Apollonius, a Syrian prince, previous to his marriage with the daughter of King Alcistrates, of Cyrene. To these are added the adventures of his wife, who was parted from him by apparent death, as well as those of his daughter. Tarsia, who was carried oft' by pirates and sold in Mytilene. Tlie work closes with the reunion of the whole family. The original Greek work belonged to the Third Century a.d., and showed close rela- tions with the Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephe- sus. The Latin version was made by a Chris- tian, not earlier than the Fifth Century. The account given in the (lesta Romanorum and the part contained in the Pantheon of Godfrey of Viterbo (c.1185) are drawn from this early translation. The earliest lransl:ition from the Latin was into Anglo-Saxon in the Ninth and Tenth centuries; an early English rhymed ver- sion of the end of the Fourteenth Century is to be found in Gower's Confessio Amantis; and the materials are employed in Shakespeare's Pericles. About 1300, Heinrich von der Neuenstadt pro- duced a poetical version in over twenty thousand verses, based proliably on the account in the Gesta Romanorum. The Bisturi des Kiiniyes Apollonii, published 1470, is translated from Godfrey of Viterbo, as is the Spanish version of the Thirteenth Century, printed in Sanchez's C'olecoidn de Poesias Castellanas (Paris, 1842). Several French and Italian versions have been made from the same source. There are also middle and modern Greek versions extant. The Latin translation from the Greek original is edited by Riese, Historia Apollonii Ueyis Tyri (2d ed. Leipzig, 1803). Consult in general: Rohde, Der griechische Roman und seine ] Orliiu- fer (Leipzio, 1000); Hagen, Der Roman com Konig Apollonius in seinen rerschiedenen Bear- beitungen (Berlin, 1878); Simrock, Quellen des Shakespeare (Bonn. 1872). APOLLONIUS DYS'COLUS (Gk. 'AjtoXXu-vios AwKoXos, ApollOnios Dyskolos). An Alexandrian scholar who lived in the first half of the Second Century a.d. He and his son, Herodian, were the first and the greatest of Circek grammarians. Apollonius reduced grammar to a system and made a science of syntax, and among the later grammarians he passed as an authority on questions of syntax, and the theoretical part of grammar. He wrote a large number of works, but the greater ])orti(Ui of them perished early. There are extant four: those on Pronouns, on Conjunctions, on Adcerbs, and