Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/762

APOLLO. now became fixed, and afl'oided a refuge for Leto, who had been driven from all other places by the wrath of Hera. After his birth, the god hastened to Delphi and slew the dragon Pj'thon, who had pursued his mother during her sorrow. For other legends see Adjietus ; Hyperboreans ; Laomedon ; XiOBE. In Greece, Apollo was not the god of any single race. The lonians wor- shiped him as the ancestral god. Patroos, while the great Dorian festival, Carneia ( see Greek Festivals), was held in his honor. In Rome, his worship was introduced from Greece at a com- paratively late date. The earliest mention of a place of worship for Apollo is in B.C. 449. and it was not till B.C. 212 that the Ludi Apollinares were celebrated. Augustus greatly increased the honor of the god in gratitude for the victory of Actium, and built him a splendid temple on the Palatine, with which a library was connected. The temple contained the celebrated statue by Scopas (q.v. ).

The representations of Apollo in ancient art are almost innumerable. As Apollo Agyieus, he was worshiped in the form of a conical stone. In general, two chief types can be distin- guished. As a nude youth, the ideal of youthful strength and beauty. This can be traced from the rude statues of archaic art, of Melos, Thera, and Orchomenus, through the Pa-ne-Knight bronze, and the Choiseul-Gouffier marble in the British Museum, to the almost effeminate Uye of the Apollo Sauroctonos (the lizard-slayer) of Praxiteles, or the glorious divinity of the Apollo of the altar frieze from Pergamon (q.v.). The other type represents the god as clad in the long robe of the musician playing on the lyre, as he appears in the st.itue in the Vatican, which is probably a copy of the work of Scopas. The special attributes of Apollo are the bow and quiver, the laurel and the lyre. Con- sult: Overbeck, Griechische Kunstniythologie (Leipzig, 1871-89) ; and Wernicke in the Pauly- Wissowa RealencykloiHidic der klassischen Alter- tum.strisscnschnft (Stuttgart, 1000). APOLLO BELVEDERE, belvada'ra. A cele- brated statue of antiquity, probably found at Grotto Ferrata (or possibly at Porto d'Anzio), and in 1503 placed in the Belvedere of the Vati- can hy Pope Julius II. The left hand and right forearm were restored by Jlontorsoli, a pupil of Jlichelangelo. The right hand originally held a laurel branch wound with fillets, while the presence of the quiver shows that the left raised the bow. The oegis, which has been restored in the left hand, on the evidence of a bronze statuette, is not known as an attribute of Apollo, nor is its presence in the statuette proved. The beautiful face expresses divine wrath and contempt. The god, clad only in the chlamys (q.v.), is moving forward against the powers of evil to rescue the distressed. This statue was once regarded as the highest type of Greek art, but it has long been known to be only a careful Roman copy of a Greek original, whieh cannot well be earlier than the latter part of the Fourth Century n.c. (possibly by Leo- chares), while many good authorities regard it as belonging to the Third, or even Second Cen- tury B.C. APOLLO CITH'ARŒ'DUS (Gk. Ki9ap¥«6j, kithnrOdos. harper, from xiOdpa, kitlinrn, lyre + doi56t, anidos, singer). Apollo, in his function of God of Music. Two famous statues of him in this capacity are in existence: one at the Vati- can, the other at the Munich Glj-ptothek, both of uncertain date and origin. APOLLO CLUB. A Seventeenth-Century lit- erary coterie, resembling the Elizabethans' 'Areopagus,' or that still more famous gather- ing which, in the Eighteenth Century, surround- ed Dr. Johnson. Among its members were Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick, Randolph, and other poets and pamphleteers. Its meeting-place was the Devil Tavern at Temple Bar. AP'OLLODO'RUS ( Gk. 'AroWddupos. Apollo- doro^). (1) An Athenian painter of the Fifth Century .n.c.. an elder contemporary of Zeuxis. He is said to have introduced the rendering of light and shade in place of the flat coloring of his predecessors. (2) A celebrated architect of the early part of the Second Century, a.d., emplojed by the Emperor Trajan in the con- struction of his bridge over the Danube, in that of the Forum called the Forum of Trajan, and other works in Rome. His severe censure on some plans of the Emperor Hadrian caused Apollodorus's banishment and death. (3) A Greek grammarian of the Second Century B.C. He studied philosophy in his native Athens, and then joined the Alexandrian scholars about Aristarchus; wrote a chronicle in iambic verse and several grammatical works. His greatest work was Oh the Gods, apparently a history of the Greek religion, though its exact nature can only be conjectured from scattered notices. The mythographical handbook which began with the origin of the gods, and ended with the story of Troy, though it bears the name of Apollodorus, is certainly a compilation of a later date. AP'OLLO'NIA (Gk. 'AwoWuvia). The name of more than thirty ancient cities. (I) In Illyria. on the Aoiis, founded by emigrants from Corinth and Corcyra. commercially prosperous, and towards the end of the Ronuin Empire a seat of literature and philosophy. 12) In Thra- cia (afterwards .Sozopolis, and now Sizeboli), colonized by ililesians, and famous for a co- lossal statue of Apollo, by Calamis, which was remoed to Rome. (3) The port of Gyrene (afterwards Sozusa, and now JIarsa Suza), which outgrew Cyrene itself, and left evidences of its magnificence in the ruins of its public buildings. (4) A city of Macedonia, referred to in Acts xvii. 1 as one of the stations on the road from Amphipolis to Thessalonica. Its ex- act position is not known. It was. doubtless, on the celebrated Via Egnatia, probably south of and near to the present Gol (Lake) Beshik. Little is known of its history. AP'OLLO'NIUS ( Gk. 'AiroWdino!, Apollonios ) . An Alexandrian scholar, son of Arcliibius. He lived toward the end of the First Century a.d., and compiled a lexicon of Homeric words, tlie main sources of which were Apion's Glos.iarii, and the commentaries of Aristarchus and Helio- dorus. Though it has come down to us in abridged and otherwise imperfect form, this work is valuable for the exegetical study of Homer. APOLLONIUS, OF Perga. A mathematician and younger contemporary of Archimedes and Eratosthenes. Born at 'Perga, in Pamphylia, he lived, during the years of his activity as a scholar, which were approximately from B.C. 247