Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/761

APOLLINARIS. logues in imitation of Plato. It is not ascertained what share the father had in this work; but as he had a reputation for poetry, he probably put the Old Testament into Greek verse. But it was chielly as a controversial theologian, and as the founder of a sect, that Apollinaris is celebrated. He maintained the doctrine that the loyos, or divine nature in Christ, took the place of the rational human soul or mind, and that the body of Christ was a spiritualized and varied forms of the Apollo cult. Tluis .pollo glorified form of humanity. This doctrine was condemned by several synods, especially by the Council of Constantinople (381). on the ground that it denied the true human nature of Christ, The heresy styled Apollinarianism spread rapidly through Syria and the neighboring countries, and, after the death of Apollinaris, its adherents formed two sects — the Vitalians, named after Vitalis, bishop of Antioch. and the Polemeans, after Polemo, who added to the doctrine of Apollinaris the assertion that the divine and human natures were so blended as one substance in Christ that his body was a proper object of adoration. On this account they were accused of sarcolatria (worship of the fiesh) and aiithro- jmhitrin (worship of man), and also were styled synotisiastoi (crvf, syii, together, oiiaia, ousia, substance), because they confused the two distinct substances. Other leaders were Valentinus and Timothy.

APOLLINARIS,. A citizen of Antioch, founder and bishop of the Church of Rivenna. He followed Saint Peter to Rome, where he was ordained. As late as the Ninth Century, indentations on a certain rock at the Elm Monastery at Rome were said to have been the impressions left by the heads, backs, and legs of the two saints' during a night spent there in sleep.

APOLLINARIS SIDO'NIUS (430-487). A Roman author, political leader, and Bishop of Arverna .(Clermont-Ferrand), born at Lyons, He married in about 452 the daughter of Titus, who was Emperor from 455 to 456. He became prefect of Rome in 408. bishop in 472. and head of the national party against the Goths. In 474 he was made prisoner. He died in 487 or 488, and was canonized. He wrote nine books of letters, of great historical value, and twenty-four poems, mainly panegj-rieal. The best edition of his work is in the eighth volume of the Atictorum Antiq., in the Moinimenta (ler-mainm Bistorica (Berlin, 1887). Consult Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, Vol. II. (Oxford, 1812). APOLLINARIS WA'TER. An alkaline mineral water obtained from a spring in the valley of the Ahr. in Rhenish Prussia, which was discovered in 1851. Its pleasant taste and richness in carbon dioxide gas has led to its being accepted as a valuable table water that is recommended for dyspepsia and loss of appetite. It has the following composition:

Sodium carbonate G.964 grams in a pint. Magnesium " 2 761 " soISi^moiiiorid; Sodium .sulphate 1.548 " " Sodium phosrhatej Traces Iro*,roxl!Sw?ihluminZ'.ZI''.r. Silicic aeid 0.099 " " Carbonicacid (tree and semi-combined). 42.81cub.in.inapint Carbonic acid (combined) 12.44 " APOL'LO (Gk. 'AttoXXwi/, Apollon, Doric for 'AttAXcoi', Apellon). Next to Zeus, the most important and widely worshiped divinity of Greece. Later antiquity identified Apollo with the sun, but in Homer the two are entirely distinct. As to the origin and meaning of the name Apollo, there is no general agreement among scholars, though the weight of argument is slightly in favor of those who interpret it as from he who wards off' or 'drives away' evil, from which conception it is easy to explain many of the is a god of healing for diseases, and of purification from moral defilement. So he was said U) have purified Orestes for the murder of his mother, and so he was invoked to purify and cleanse entire communities afflicted by "pesti- lence. In the same way his protection 'was ex- tended to flocks and herds, as is shown by his epithet Nomios, and the story of his serving as the shepherd of Admetus, to the great increase of the flocks of that king. He also appears as protecting the grain from mildew, and as driving away field-mice, whence his surname Smintheus. Nor did he only protect his worshipers from the evil spirits of disease and guard their flocks and herds, for there are traces of Apollo as a war god, who can drive away the enemv, and mingles actively in the fray: and at the shrine in AmycliE, he appeared with a helmet and lance. The poean, which in later times was certainly a hymn to Apollo, whatever its origin may have been, was not merely a prayer for healing, but was also sung before the charge in battle. Nor is this view of the original conception of Apollo is in any way inconsistent with his very obvious connection with the light. For that he was early connected with the sun is clear, from the celebration of his departure in the autumn to a distant land, and Ins return in the spring. Light is regarded as a healer and protector, the bane of evil spirits who love darkness. The light and heat, however, are not always beneficent, and Apollo thus appears as the sender of pestilence, and as bringing sudden death with his unerring arrows. As a Ii»ht-god, also, he is called Lycean and Lycian : "for these are probably to be connected with the same element which appears in the Latin lii.r. light. The ancients connected these epithets withhe Greek word for 'wolf (Kims, b/kos), and some good modern authorities consider Apollo as originally a herdsman's divinity in the form of a wolf. 'He is also styled Phce'bus (io^Sosl. the ’bright one.' the 'brilliant one.' Whatever' may have been his early nature, the prominent eoii- ception of Apollo in historic times was as a god of prophecy, and so of music and song. His most famous oracle was at Delphi (q.v.), l)ut .there were others at Delos ; at the Ismenian .sanctuary near Thebes, where the ashes of the victim were supposed to reveal the future; at Abie, on the border of Phocis; at Patara, in Lycia: and at Claros, in Ionia, near Colophon. Apollo was also a god of colonization, and many Greek cities be- lieved that their founders had been guided bv Apollo in the form of an animal or bird.

As us natural in the case of a god so widely worshiped, the legends of Apollo are highly diversified, though the main features show con- siderable unity due to the overpowering influence ot the cults at Delphi and Delos, which made their versions canonical. He was the son of Zeus and Leto (Latona), born with his twin sister Artemis (see Diana) on the island of Delos, which had hitherto floated on the sea, but