Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/748

APE. form, but more nearly on three sides of a square, the front teeth making a decided angle with the cheek teeth, where the canines are developed into great tusks. The brain-case is smaller, and the bulk of the brain far less than that of man. Tims, according to Jlivart, a nor- mal human brain never measures less than 55 cubic inches, while that of the chimpanzee (the nearest) measures only 27 Va cubic inches; the cerebrum is also relatively shorter. In its gen- eral form and structure, however, the brain of these apes is like that of man, and it is richly convoluted. There are no important differences in the soft parts of the body or their functions.

Externally, all the anthropoid apes are covered with black, brown, or reddish coarse hair, on all parts of the body except the face and palms, where the skin is dark, leathery, and wrinkled ; the naked patches and callosities so frequently found upon the buttocks of the lower apes are absent or very small ; nor are there any cheek-pouches. There is no trace of a tail. The chimpanzee and gorilla are closely related to one another, but the orang is as distinct in structure from them as it is widely removed in habitat. All are inhab- itants of the equatorial regions of the Old World, and restricted to forests, where they Vive in the trees, building rude sleeping platforms and shelter, and feeding wholly upon vegetable food — chietly fruits. See Chimpaxzee; Gibbon; Go- KiLi.A ; Orang-utan ; and Monkeys ; and plate of Anthropoid Apes.

Consult: R. Hartmann, The Anthropoid Apes, illustrated (New York, 1886) ; Huxley, Man's Place in Mature (New York, 1898). APEAK'. See.

APEL, a'pel, Johann August (1771-1816). A German writer. He was born at Leipzig, studied there and at Vittenberg from 17S9 to 1793, and in 1801 was appointed a counselor at Leipzig. He wrote several dramas, drawn largely from antiquity and slightly esteemed, a Gespen- sterbuch (1810-14) and a" Wuiidcrhuch (1815- 17), both popular. The first of them con- tained the story of Der Freischiitz, which formed the basis for the text of the opera of that name. He is perhaps best known for his Uetrik (two %-olumes, 1814-16), Avhich contains an interesting study of ancient prosody. APELDOBN, a'prl-dorn, or APELDOORW. A beautiful village in the Netherlands, province of Gelderland (iiap: Netherlands, D 2). It is situated about seventeen miles north of Arnhem, on a canal which joins the river Grift, a branch of the Y'ssel, by which, and the public roads from Arnhem and I'trecht to Deventer and Zutphen, and by railway, it has much traffic. The Loo, originally a hunting-lodge of the Duke of Gelderland, was a favorite palace of William III. of England when Stadtholder. The principal industry is paper making. Pop. 1890, 19,190; 1900," 25,701. APELO-ES (Gk. 'AttcXX^s). The most cele- bralcd painter in ancient times, the son of Pytheas, and probably a native of Colophon, on the Ionian coast of Asia ilinor. The state- ments that he was a native of Cos or of Ephesus, seem due to his long residence in those places. He was probably made a citizen of Ephesus, and may have died at Cos, which afterward possessed an unfinished painting by him. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but the list of his portraits shows that he lived during the last part of the fourth century B.C. He first studied at Ephesus, and afterward at Sicyon under the celebrated teacher Pamphilus of Am- phipolis, where he may have learned the fine drawing in which he excelled. From Sicyon he seems to have gone to Pella in Macedonia, where he painted portraits of Philip, and became the friend of Alexander, who sat to no other painter, though frequently to him, and permitted him much freedom of speech. His most celebrated portrait represented Alexander wielding the thunderbolt, of which it was said "of the two Alexanders, Philip's is invincible, Apelles's in- imitable." He also painted portraits of some of the generals of Alexander. His most celebrated works were mythological or allegorical. Very fa- mous were his "Anadyomene" (q.v. ) and his "Artemis Suri'ounded by Jlaidens." Of his paint- ing of "Slander," in which also appeared Igno- rance, Suspicion, Env}-, Deceit, Remorse, and other personifications, lAician gives a detailed description which has inspired Botticelli, Diirer, and other artists. He seems to have returned to Asia after Alexander's conquests, and most of his celebrated works were found in Asiatic cities. At Rhodes he visited the painter Protogenes, and is said to have contributed to his reputation by of- fering a high price for one of his pictures. He was generous in his appreciation of his' rivals, though fully aware of his own merits. He ad- mitted that Mclanthius surpassed him in group- ing, and Asclepiodorus in .symmetry, and that Protogenes was inferior only in never knowing when to stop, which dcjirived his pictures of that grace, which Apclles claimed as his own. He seems to have been remarkable for his accuracy of drawing and fine coloring, probably due to a thorough theoretical and practical training. The industry with which he practiced drawing was so great as to give rise to the proverb which in the Latin version is, XiiUa dies sine linea. Many anecdotes are related of Apelles. When his works were exposed to public view, he used to place himself behind a picture, to listen to Ihe criticisms of the common people. A cobbler having detected a fault in the shoe of one of his figures, it is stated that Apelles instantly rectified it; but when the cobbler, on the follow- ing day, extended his criticism to the legs, the painter rushed from his hiding-place and told the cobbler to stick to the shoes, or, in the Latin version, which has become proverbial, Xe sutur supra crepidam. Consult: Woltmann and Woermann, History of Painting, Vol. I.. Eng. trans. (New York, 1886); Hoiissaye, Bistoirc d' Apelles (Paris. 1867) ; Wustmann, Apelles' Lehrn niid ^Verke (Leipzig, 1870). APELT, ii'pclt, Ernst Friedrich (1812-.')0). A German philosophical writer, born at Reiche- nau. He studied at Jena and Leipzig, and was made professor of philosophy at Jena in 1840. His works include: Die Reformation der Stern- kunde (Jena, 1852) ; Die Theorie der Induktion (1854); Metaphysik (1857); Parmenidis et Empedociis doctrina de Mundi Struetura (1857) ; licli'iionsphilosophie (1860), etc. AP'EMAN'TUS. A churlish cynic in Shakespeare's Tiinon of Alliens, supjjosed to have been modeled after the sketch of a similar character given in Lucian's Public Sale of Philosophers, a work with which Shakespeare might easily have been acquainted.