Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/747

APATITE. deposits of rock phosphate or amorphous phospliatc of lime have seriously injured the Canadian trade. Amorphous i)hos])liate is a name given to non-crystalline deposits of phosphate of lime occnrrinf; in more or less abundance at certain localities and of importance as a source of fertilizer. In the United States the most important deposits are in South Carolina, Florida, and Tennessee, but a small supply has also been obtained from Pennsylvania. The Florida deposits, which have been worked since 188H, are found near the western coast. They occur as lumps imbedded in clay, known as Roek Phosphate: in pebble agglomerations, known as Land Pebble: or as a mixture of small pebbles and sand in the river bottoms called River Peb- ble. The latter mixture is obtained by dredg- ing, the sand being eventually separated by screening. The South Carolina deposits are found in an area about sixty miles long, between Charleston and Beaufort. The phospliate occurs in nodules buried in sand and clay, the produc- tive bed being one to two feet thick. An acre yields four hundred to twelve hundred tons. The Soutli Carolina district was opened up in 1S67. Both the Florida and South Carolina deposits occur associated with rocks of Eocene and llioeene ages, and many teeth of sharks, elephants, etc., together with bones, are foimd with the phosphate. The phosphoric acid of the mineral is supposed to owe its origin to the accumulation of excrement and decaying animal matter deposited along the shores or in pools during Tertiary times, and to subsequent local replacement of limestone, or to concre- tionary segregation of phosphate of lime. In south central Tennessee, the phospliate is as- sociated with Devonian rocks. The phosphate industry of the United States has assmued great importance in recent years, and much of the material is shipped to foreign countries. The recent development of large deposits known to exist in Algiers may cause serious competi- tion with the American industry. Crude rock containing less than fifty per cent, of calcic phos- phate is unsalable. Siliceous impurities are in- ert, but alumina and ferric oxide are bad, because they tend to change the refined phosphate back to an insoluble condition. Lime, if present, neu- tralizes some of the sulphuric acid used in the manufacture of the fertilizer. The price of phos- phate varies from year to year, and with its grade. That from Tennessee ma_y bring as little as .fl.OO per ton, while the hard rock from Florida may liring as much as .$5.00 per ton. The importance of Canada as a producer of phosphate has been greatly lowered by the development of the American beds. Those of Florida have as- sumed great predominance, for the ease with which the material can be mined, and by reason of their proximity to shipping points; the latter feature having been an important factor in the development of a large export trade. For more particular information the reader is referred to the general paper by Adolphe Carnot: "Sur les variations observees dans la composition des apatites, ♦ * ♦ Remarques sur le gisement et le mode de formation de ces phos- phates" in the Annales des Mines. Volume X. (Paris, 1890). Papers descriptive of the phos- phate deposits of particular regions arc: IJran- ner, "The Phosjihates of Arkansas," in the Tmnsactions of the Anierican Iiistitiite of Mining Engineers, Volume XXVI. (New York, 1896); Hayes, "The Tennessee Phosphates," in the Six- teenth Animal Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part IV. (Washington, 1895).

. Brown, "The Phosphate Rock Deposits of Tennessee during 1897," United Slates Geological Survcg. Nineteentli Annual Re- port, Part VI. (continued) (Washington. 1898); McCallie, "A Preliminary Report on a Part of the Phosphates and Marls' of Georgia," Georgia Geological Surveg Bulletin. No. 5-A (Atlanta, 1896): Eldridge, "A Preliminary Sketch of the Phosphates of Florida." Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXI. (New York, 1891); Smith, "The Phos- phates and JIarls of Alabama," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Enqinerrs, Vol- ume XXV. (New York, 1895); Penrose, "The Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime," Bulletin No. -10, United States Geological Survey; Small, "The Phosphate Mines of Can- ada," Transactions of^ the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXI. (New York, 1891): and Wyatt. F,, The Phosphates of Amer- ica (New York, 1891). APAYAO, a']xi-ya'6, or APOYA, a-pr.'ya. A head-hunting tribe in Cagayan Province, Lu- zon. Their speech is separate.' APE (AS. apa, Ger. Affe). A monkey; any quadrumanous animal, especially one of large size, and belonging to the Old World. (See below.) Thus, the "apes of Gibraltar." or "Bar- bary apes." are macaques (q.v.) and some "sa- cred apes" are baboons. ( See Baboox: Macaqfe:
 * Moxket. etc.) More pavtipiiLirlv the word noM-T-

days applies to simians (family Simiido"), called 'antliropoid apes," because they most resemble mankind.

The Anthropoid Apes consist of the chimpanzees, gorilla, and orang, and the various gibbons, together with various extinct and fossil species; but the three forms first mentioned are those usually in the mind of those who use the term in its popular sense. All approach, and some may exceed, man in size, frequently assume an erect attitude_ (though none are so much at ease in this position as are some gibbons), and resemble him in structure more closely than they do the apes and monkeys of other' families. " This is much more marked in young examples, however, than in the adults, which in advanced age become more and more brutish. This is particularly true of the characteristics of the skull, where huge, bony "crests" and super-orbital ridges develop, the canine teeth become greatly enlarged, and a revolting expression of face reveals the essentially savage and intractable nature of the animal, which, enforced by gigantic strength, renders these apes among the most formidable and ugly of wild beasts. The skeleton is substantially similar to the human skeleton, differing from it in greater size and weight, and in certain proportions: the arms also are relatively nnich longer, and the legs shorter, and the great toe is longer and o])posable only to a very limited degree. The spine lacks those curvatures in its lower part which enable man to stand erect with ease. In the flatness of the sternum and the absence of a certain small bone in the wrist, these apes agree with man and differ from the monkeys. The skull is thicker, has in age great bony ridges, and projects at the muzzle; the teeth are of the same number and character as man's, but they are not set in a horseshoe