Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/730

ANTIPYRINE. vesical spasms and cramjjs, but are usually not serious.

It may be given by mouth in powder, or dissolved in water or an alcoholic beverage. The dose depends upon individual susceptibility. It is also administered hypodermatically. See AoETANILID; PlIENACETIN.

AN'TIQUA'RIAN SOCI'ETIES. Organizations in Europe, England, and America for the promotion of the study of antiquities. The London Society of Antiquaries was antedated by a society established in 1572, and dissolved by James I. about 1604. The present London soci- ety began to meet about 1707, and received its charter in 1751. The Scottish Society of Antiq- uities was founded in 1780, the French society in 1814, and the American Antiquarian Society (see Antiquarian Society, Amekican) in 1812. ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, American. A society founded in 1812, which has its head- quarters at Worcester, Mass. It owns a li- brary of more than 100,000 volumes, which is especially rich in manuscripts, newspapers, po- litical pamphlets, and early American publica- tions. The proceedings have been published semi-annually since 1849. Several volumes of the Archwoloflia Americana have been issued, containing reprints of rare books and manu- scripts and special papers on antiquarian and historical topics. The society has an important museum, and maintains a fund aggi-egating over $100,000 for the support of various departments of its work. See Antiquarian Societies. AN'TIQUARY, The. One of Scott's Waverley Xovcls (ISIO), and its chief character. ANTIQUE' (Lat. antiquiis, old). As the term "ancients" is commonly applied to the Greeks and Romans, the word antique is used with reference to their works of art, especially their incomparable sculptures. The antique style in works of art is distingiiislied by critics from the romantic or niediieval.and also from the mod- ern. The sculpture of the Greeks is character- ized by freshness, originality, and ideality; and the phases it underwent have their parallels in the development of the literature and general culture of that people. In the earliest times, the statues had a rigid, formal character, and looked more like the idols of barbarous nations than deities in luiman form : then came stern. Titan-like forms, corresponding with the Pro- metheus of ^^schylus ; next, the sculptures of Phidias; Polyeletus, and Polygnotus, like the characters in the dramas of Sophocles, present to us humanity in its purest and noblest ideal forms. Then, as Euripides in poetry left the old domain of destiny, and derived motives and action from ordinary human passions, so stat- uary descended from the ideal to a closer re- semblance to the forms of actual life, as wc see in the works of Praxiteles and Lysippus. After- ward, when Aristoplianes introduced comedy, forms of every-day life began to appear in sculp- ture; and thus a gradual transition was made from the art of the Greeks, which was ideal in the true sense of the word, to that of the Romans, which was real, monumental, and portrait-like. The Romans were the realists of the ancient world; their indigenous philosophy was of a pop- ular kind ; tlu'ir poetry, so far as it was national, was satiric and dramatic; and their works of art may be regarded as moniunents and portraitures of real life, quite suitable for a nation of sol- diers, lawyers, and politicians, but vastly inferior to the ideal beauty displayed in the best period of Grecian art. ANTIQ'UITIES. See. AN'TI-RENT'ISM. A movement, partly political, extending over the j-ears 18.39-47, among the leaseholders in Albanj', Columbia, Delaware, Montgomery, Rensselaer, and other counties in New York State. These leaseholders held their land under a sort of feudal tenure, in spite of the virtual abolition in 1775 of many of the old manorial and patroonship rights (see Pa- TROONS ), the various farms being leased, for the most part, either in perpetuity or for a period of two or tliree lives, while the ground-rents were generally paid in kind and certain feudal services were not infrequently exacted. As the popula- tion increased, such an arrangement gi-ew exceed- ingly irksome to the tenants, who were nominal but not real owners, and who could not, as a rule, transfer their titles without paying to the landlords a portion (usually a quarter) of the amount received. The crisis came in 18.39, when Stephen Van Rensselaer (q.v. ), one of the largest landholders, died. He had been remiss in col- lecting his rents, and his heirs served writs of ejectment on tenants in Albany County. The tenants thereupon resisted, and on several occa- sions the resulting disturbances were so serious that the militia had to be called out. By 1842 the trouble had spread to other manors. Anti-rent associations were formed over most of the lease- hold districts, rents were withheld, and evictions resisted, while the gi-ievances of the tenants were aired in newspapers devoted to their interests and in memorials to the Legislature.

The question became political and was fo- mented by agitators for their o^vn special pur- poses, the anti-rent party ultimately controlling the legislative delegations of eleven counties. Lawlessness became prevalent, and Ijands of men, absurdly disguised as "Indians," assaulted, tarred and feathered, and. in several instances, murdered, deputy sherifl's and their assistants. A law passed by the Legislature against men appearing in public in disguise proved inetl'ec- tual, and on August 7, 1845, 0. N. Steele, a dep- uty sheriff of Delaware County, was surrounded and shot down by disgiiised men while serving a process. Governor Wright forthwitli put the county under martial law, and arrested over one hundred men, of whom fifty were convicted, twenty being sent to the State prison and two being sentenced to death. The death penalty was commuted by Governor Wright for life im- prisonment, and eventually, in January, 1847, all of the prisoners were pardoned by Governor Young. The repressive measures broke up the unlawful resistance, though they caused the de- feat of Governor Wright by -John Young, the anti- rent candidate, at the next election. In 1846, moreover, an article was inserted in the new State Constitution definitely abolishing all feudal tenures and forbidding future leases of agi'icul- tural land for a period longer than twelve years. Consult: Cheynev. The Anti-Rent Agitation (Philadelphia," 1887), and Murray, The Anti- Rent Episode in New York, in the "Report of the American Historical Association for 1890." AN'TIRRHI'NUM. See . ANTISABBATATIIANS (a/i^t + Gk. <ri(3- PaTov, Sahhnton, Sabbath). Those who recognize no obligation to observe either the Jewish Sab-