Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/727

ANTIPATER. was poisoned in 43 B.C. (4) Son of Herod the Great by his first wife. Doris; a worthless prince, who was perpetually conspiring against the life of his brothers. He was finally tried before Quintilius Varus, and executed in prison five days before Herod died.

ANTIP'ATHY (Gk. ἀντί, anti, against + πάθος, pathos, suffering, affection, emotion, feel- ing). By derivation, the opposite of sympathy (q.v.). It may be defined as a permanent aversion to, or settled incompatibility with, some object or some quality of an object. We may distinguish between formal or logical an- tipathy and concrete or actual antipathies. The choleric temperament is, formally, antipathetic to the phlegmatic, and the sanguine to the mel- ancholy. (See .) The term is, however, more usually restricted to such definite cases of individual aversion as the dislike shown by many persons to certain animals — snakes, mice, toads, cats. Some of these antipathies, doubtless, have their root in a cultivated affecta- tion, or in the unconsidered encouragement of a prejudice imbibed in childhood; others date from a particular occasion of fright, or are due to the chance association of the object with an un- pleasant incident. If, e.g., a house swarms with mice during a period of great mourn- ing, it is probable that the mourners will hence- forth show a marked antipathy to these animals. But there are cases which require a different principle of explanation. The aversion to snakes, e.g., which often prevails among those who have never come into contact with the reptiles, and who have nothing to fear from those that they may happen to meet, is, perhaps, a phylogenetic symptom. The snake is the chief enemy of the monkeys, as readers of Kipling's Jungle Boole will remember; and the liability to fear of snakes may be a heritage from our pre-human ancestry. Some persons, again, cannot enter a room which contains a cat. The explanation may be that the valerianic odor peculiar to the animal is auto- matically associated in certain constitutions to organic sensations of nausea or shuddering, just as there are persons who are subject to shivering and gooseflesh when a slate pencil squeaks upon a slate. At any rate, the mammals that excite antipathy (mouse, cat, fox, hare, pig) have one and all a marked and peculiar scent; and we know from animal psychology that a smell-stim- ulus may set up a well-marked chemo-reflex. The aversion to mice may be derived in part from the uncanny and snake-like character of their locomotion, and in part from the ubiquity which their small size makes possible. The aversion to toads (apart from superstitious belief in their poisonous properties) may be due to the clammy cold of their skin: we all know the horrible feeling that arises if, being in the pantry in the dark, we lay our hand by chance upon a piece of cold potato. Many historical cases of antipathy cannot now be explained, simply because we have only the record of the bare fact, with no mention of the conditions under which the antipathy took shape.

. A. Mosso, Fear (New York, 1896); W. James, Principles of Psychology (New York, 1890). On reflex sensations, see W. Wundt, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Leipzig, 1893). See.

ANTIP'ATRIS. A city of Palestine, built by Herod the Great (37-34 B.C.) in honor of his father, Antipater. Tt was situated in the Plain of Sharon, about 11 miles east-northeast of Joppa. In Roman times it was of importance as the junction of several military roads leading from the south and east to Cæsarea, the Roman capital of Palestine. By the Jews it was considered the northwest limit of strictly Jewish territory. It is frequently mentioned in Josephus. Paul was escorted as far as Antipatris by Roman soldiers when he was taken from Jerusalem to Cæsarea (Acts xxiii: 31-32).

ANTIPH′ANES (Gk. ). A Greek comic poet of the fourth century B.C. He was one of the chief representatives of the Middle Comedy. Many fragments of his works—which numbered, according to some estimates, 365, and to others 260—are preserved. He is praised by Athenæus for his polished diction. Consult Meineke, Poetarum Comicorum Græcorum Fragmenta, Volume III. (Berlin, 1839–57).

ANTIPH'ILUS (Gk. Ἀντίφιλος, Antiphilos). A Greek painter of Egyptian birth, who lived at the court of the first Ptolemy, about 330 B.C. He was a contemporary and rival of Apelles. Quintilian, who classes him among the greatest painters of the age of Philip and Alexander (xii. 10, paragraph 6), says he excelled in the lightness and facility with which he handled sub- jects of high art, as well as of daily life. His most celebrated works were portraits of Philip and Alexander.

AN'TIPHON (Gk. ἀντίφωνα). A notable part of the breviary offices in all Western uses. The recitation of the Psalter forming the staple of the office, antiphons or short texts (generally from Holy Scripture), having special reference to the feast or season celebrated, were sung in connection with the psalms and evangelical canticles to give color and appropriateness to the invariable parts of the service. On the greater festivals (hence called "double feasts"), the antiphons are sung entire before and after the psalms: at other times only the first two or three words were sung before and the entire antiphon after. Pope Gregory I. in 590 prepared the first regular antiphonarium, a service book so called from being largely made up of the proper music for the antiphons.

ANTIPHON (Gk. Ἀντιφῶν) (480-411 B.C.). The earliest of the Ten Attic Orators in the Alexandrian Canon. He was the son of Sophilus the Sophist, and was born at Rhamnus, in Attica. Although Antiphon was undoubtedly influenced by the teachings of Gorgias, he never developed so rhetorical a style as some of the later orators. He labored to make his arguments clear, solid, and convincing, so that it might be impossible for the judges who listened to the speeches he wrote to refuse their assent to his propositions. His success was unmistakable. Although he never made a public appearance as a pleader in the courts of justice, but contented himself with writing speeches for others to deliver, he acquired groat influence, which he did not fail to exert for the furtherance of his political principles. To him must be attributed the overthrow of the Athenian democracy (411 B.C.) and the establishment of the oligarchical government of the Four Hundred: for although Pisander figured prominently before the people in this revolution, the whole affair, according to Thucydides, was secretly planned by Antiphon. The oligarchical government fell within the year,