Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/725

ANTIOCHUS. supported by Jonathan in his struggle against Demetrius, but became apprehensive of the growing power of the Jewish high-priest and ordered him to be executed in Baskama, 143 B.C. In 142, Antiochus, who had been only a tool, was removed. and Tryphon ascended the throne.

'''ANTIOCHUS VII. SIDE'TES' (Gk. Σιδήτης, Sidētēs,'' native of Side). King of Syria, 137-128 B.C. Son of Demetrius I., born at Side in Pamphylia. He resided in Rhodes when he learned that Demetrius II. Nicator had beeen taken prisoner by the Parthians. He went to Antioch, and was recognized as king. One of his first acts was to write to Simon, the Jewish high-priest, confirming him in his position and granting him the right of coining money. Having overthrown Diodotus, however, he demanded of Simon Joppa, Gazara, and the citadel of Jerusalem. This Simon refused to give, and when Antiochus sent his general, Cendebæus, against him, Simon's sons, Judas and John Hyrcanus, gained a victory, 137 B.C. In 134 B.C. Antiochus marched against Jerusalem, having devastated Judæa, captured the city after a long siege, and imposed very severe conditions upon the country. John Hyrcanus was forced to pay a tribute of 500 talents, to give hostages, and to send troops for the Parthian war. Having restored order in Syria, Antiochus attacked Phraates 130 B.C., defeated him in three battles, and secured the freedom of his brother. But his demands were so exorbitant that the negotiations led to no treaty of peace, and a reversal of fortunes caused Antiochus to lose all that he had gained. Not to fall into the hands of his enemies, he hurled himself from a rock, 128 B.C.

'''ANTIOCHUS VIII. GRY'PUS' (Gk. Γρυπός, grypos,'' hook-nosed). King of Syria, 125-113 and 111-96 B.C. Son of Demetrius II. Nicator and Cleopatra; succeeded his father in 125. He continued the struggle that Demetrius had had with Alexander, called Zabina, "the purchased one," and finally vanquished him in 121. Cleopatra, who found him too independent, wished to get rid of him, but he forced her to drink the poisoned cup she had prepared for him. For eight years he reigned peacefully, until in 113 Antiochus IX. Cyzicenus aroused his suspicions. This son of Sidetes had just married Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy IX. Physeon. With the aid of the Egyptian king he raised an army and captured Antioch. Antiochus Grypus recaptured the city, and his wife, Tryphæna, put her sister Cleopatra to death in a cruel manner. Soon after Cyzicenus defeated Grypus and avenged his wife on Tryphæna. A reconciliation was effected between the two brothers in 111, and they continued to reign over different parts of northern Syria. Antiochus VIII. was slain by Heracleon in 96 B.C.

'''ANTIOCHUS IX. CYZ'ICE'NUS' (Gk. Κυζικηνός, Kyzikenos,'' native of Cyzieus). King of Syria, 113-95 B.C. Son of Antiochus VII. Sidetes and Cleopatra, was sole ruler of Syria between 113 and 111, and from that time to his death held a part of Syria, adjoining Palestine. He aided the Samaritans against John Hyreanus (110-107 B.C.) without success, and a second attempt to subdue Judæa with the aid of Ptolemy XI. Lathyrus likewise failed. Having been defeated in a decisive battle with Seleucus VI., he took his own life in 95 B.C.

ANTIOCHUS X. EU'SEBES (Gk. Εὐσεβής, Eusebēs, pious). King of Syria, 95-92 B.C. Son of Antiochus IX. Cyzicenus. He continued the war against Seleucus VI. and forced him to retire to Mopsuestia, where he was murdered by the populace in 95 B.C. He also defeated Antiochus XI. and Philip in 93 B.C., but was himself vanquished by Philip and Demetrius III. in 92 B.C. and obliged to flee to the Parthians. He is supposed to have died in 75 B.C., leaving two sons, Antiochus XIII. and Seleucus Cybiosactes. His widow, Selene, was given a few towns in Syria by Tigranes of Armenia, who in 92 B.C. took possession of Antioch.

'''ANTIOCHUS XI. EPIPH'ANES' (Gk. Ἐπιφανής, Epiphanēs,'' illustrious). King of Syria, 95-93 B.C., son of Antiochus VIII. Grypus: upon the death of Seleucus VI., in 95 B.C., he assumed the royal diadem; together with his brother Philip he took vengeance upon the people of Mopsuestia, who had murdered Seleucus VI. But on his return to Syria he was defeated by Antiochus X., and was drowned in the Orontes in 93 B.C.

'''ANTIOCHUS XII. DIONY'SUS' (Gk. Διόνυσος, Dionysos,'' Bacchus). King of Syria, 85 B.C., son of Antiochus VIII. He took the crown when he learned that his brother Demetrius III. had been made a prisoner by the Parthians, and intrenched himself in Demetrius's capital, Damascus. He was at first victorious in his campaign against the Nabatæans, but was defeated in a second battle, and lost his life in 85 B.C.

'''ANTIOCHUS XIII. A'SIAT'ICUS' (Gk. Ἀσιατικός, Asiatikos,'' Asiatic.) King of Syria, 69-64 B.C., son of Antiochus X. He was sent by his mother, Selene, to Rome, together with his brother Seleucus Cybiosactes, in 74 B.C., to present his claims to the throne of Egypt, but returned to Syria in 71, having been kept for a ransom by Verres in Sicily, as Cicero informs us. After his victory over Tigranes, in 69 B.C., Lueullus gave to Antiochus a large part of Syria, which he retained until Pompey made it a Roman province, in 64 B.C.

ANTIOCHUS HI'ERAX (Gk. Ἱέραξ, hierax, hawk). Son of Antiochus II. and Laodice. He was made King of Cilicia by Ptolemy III. Euergetes in 243 B.C. Ostensibly for the purpose of assisting Seleucus II. Callinieus (246-226) to recover certain provinces that the Egyptian king had taken from him, but really to deprive him of all that he had left, Antiochus sent an army to Syria. Ptolemy came to an agreement with Seleucus, but the war between the two brothers continued. With the aid of the Gauls, Antiochus won a decided victory near Ancyra in 242. Seleucus was supposed to have been slain, and Antiochus mourned him. He then turned his arms against Demetrius of Macedonia, and subsequently against Attalus of Pergamus. The war with Seleucus was renewed, and Eumenes used the opportunity to take possession of a large part of Asia Minor. After a signal defeat at the hands of Seleucus, Antiochus fled first to Cappadocia and then to Armenia. Suspecting foul play, he left for Egypt. Ptolemy III. made him a prisoner. He escaped, however, and ended his stormy career at the hands of brigands in Thrace, 225 B.C.

ANTIOCHUS OF AS'KALON (?-c. 68 B.C.). A Greek philosopher. He succeeded Philos as head of the celebrated Academy near Athens. Abandoning the more recent traditions of the Skeptic system, he introduced into the Academy the philosophy of Stoicism, the fundamental