Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/723

ANTIOCH. siepcd and took it in 1098. and it was lield by the Christians until 1208. (ScoAntioch, rniNCiPAi.- ITY OF.) Since then Antioch has nndor^ono a variety of vicissitudes. Its po|)iiIatin at the heit;ht of its grandeur is estimated to have been 400.000. Probably no other nroat city in the world has suffered so frightfully from earth- ipiakes as Antioch. It was destroyed by one in 520 A.u. A destructive visitation occurred in 1872. Tlio modern town of Antakiyeh, in the vilayet of Aleppo, is situated on the site of the ancient Antioch (JNIap: Turkey in Asia, G 4). It is poorly built, and presents a striking contrast to tlie magnificent walls of the old city, which are still ])artly preserved. It takes up only a small portion of the ancient city, the remainder being covered with olive trees and date ])alms. The inhabitants carry on some trade in olives, silk, and grain. The population is variously estimated at from 18.000 to 28,000, including only a few Christians.

ANTIOCH,. A principality founded by the Norman crusader Hohenumd (q.v.) in 1009. For about 30 years it was the most important and most wealthy portion of the Christian possessions in Syria. (Jradually it declined in political importance; but the city remained a stronghold of Christendom in the East until 1208. when it was captured by Bibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria. Consult Rey, "Resume ehronologique de I'histoire des princes d'Antiooh," in the Revve de I'Oricnt Latin, Volume IV. (Paris. 1800). ANTIOCH COL'LEGE. An American college, situated at Yellow Springs, 0. It opened in 18.53, with Horace Mann as its first president. It claims to have been the first college in the world to admit both sexes of all races to equal privileges. It is Christian, but unsectarian. Endowment, 1001, over $100,000: value of build- ings and grounds. $250,000; library, 7000 vol- umes; faculty, iLi; attendance, 117.

AN'TIO'CHIAN SCHOOL. The rival of the Alexandrian School. It held to the grauiuuitieal interpretation of Scripture, instead of to the allegorical or mystical. It dates from the mar- tyr Lucian (died 311), and in its later form from Diodones of Taisus (died 304). Its chief representations are Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia. In theology, while in the uuiin orthodox according to the Nicene type, it leaned toward asserting rather the conjunction than union of the two natures in Christ.

ANTI'OCHUS (Gk. 'ArWoxof, Antiochos). A common Greek name, borne by tliirtecn kings of Syria, four kings of Comnuigene (a small country between the Euphrates and Mount Taurus), and many other persons of note. See the following articles. ANTIOCHUS I. SO'TER (Ok. 'AvtIoxoc SuTJ/p, Antiochos SOtcr, savior, deliverer). King of STia. 280-201 B.C. The son of Scleucus I. Nicator and Apamea. He was born in 324 B.C., fought at Ipsus in 301 against Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, was associated with his father as ruler from 293, and became his successor after the murder of Seleucus by Ptol- emy Ceraunus in 280. Stratonice. liis father's wife, became his own consort, Seleucus giving her to him in view of their mutual affection. She was still living in 208. Whether he sub- sequently married a sister, daughter of Seleucus and Stratonice, or Stratonice is referred tc as liis "sister," according to the Egyptian custom, is uncertain. In 275 he gainecl a decisive victory over the Gauls, who had invaded Asia Minor. But Appian is wrong in maintaining that he was given the surname Soter on this occasion. This seems to have been done only after his death. A cuneiform inscription of the year 269 enumerates all iiis titles, but does not give this one. At the instigation of Magas of C.yrene, Antiochus declared war against Plolemj' II. Phil- adclphus. He found an ally in Antigonus Gona- tas, King of Macedonia and Greece, but the war led to no decisive is.sue. lie maintained with difficulty the integrity of the great eni])ire his father had left him. Antioch, with its suburb Daphna?, Scleucia with Ctesiplion, and Sardis were the three capitals of the kingdom. Antio- chus was not slain by a Gaul. This frequently occurring statement depends on a confusion with Antiochus Hierax. ANTIOCHUS II. THE'OS (Gk. SeAs, a god). King of Syria, 261-240 n.c. Son of An- tiochus I. Soter and Stratonice; succeeded his father. His eight years' war with Ptol- emy II. Pliiladelphus cost him many pro- vinces and cities in Phoenicia and Asia Minor. Only the expulsion of the tyrant Timarchus from Miletus in 250 B.C. can be counted as a real success. He is said to have re- ceived the title "Theos" from the grateful Mil- etians ; but this is doubtful. Theodotus seems to have established an independent kingdom in Bactria in 250 B.C., and the Parthian chief Ar- saces, or his successor, Arsaces 11. Tiridates, took possession of Parthia and made himself prac- tically independent in 248 B.C. Probably as early as 250 B.C. a reconciliation was effected be- tween Antiochus and Ptolemy. The agi'cement was that the former should divorce his wife, Laodicc, and marry the latter's daughter, Ber- enice. Upon the death of Ptolemy II. in 247 B.C.. Antiochus abandoned Berenice and her child, and went to Ephesus, where he took back Laodice and her sons. She. however, seems to have avenged herself by poisoning him in 246 n.c. Laodice then proclaimed her oldest son. Seleucus, king; and her servants by false promises lured Berenice and her son from Daphnte, where they were strongly intrenched, and slew thera both. Laodice's younger son was Antiochus Hierax. '''ANTIOCHUS III. THE GREAT'''. King of Syria, 223-187 B.C. Son of Seleucus II. Callinicus (246-226) and Laodice, a cousin of Andromachus, ascended the throne at the age of fifteen, after the murder of his brother, Seleucus III. Ceraunus (220-223). His first expedition was against Ptolemy IV. Philopator (221-204), who had taken possession of Co?!e-Syria and Phoenicia. But the revolts of Molon, Governor of Media, and his brother, Alexander, Governor of Persia, forced him to lead an army against them. He succeeded in defeating them, and also in subduing Artahazanes. King of Atropatene, 220 B.C. While he was occupied in these parts, however, AcIi:t>us, Governor of Asia Minor, assumed the royal diadem. Antiochus returned to Syria, suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Ptolemy IV. at E.aphia, 217 B.C., but still possessed sufficient strength to attack Achffus. After two years' siege, Sardis was captured in 214 B.C., and this dangerous revolt was at an end. Soon after Antiochus