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ANTI-MASONS. subsidence of the excitement out of which it had arisen. Consult: Hammond, Political History of New York State (Cooperstown, 1846); Hopkins, Political Parties (New York, 1900).

ANTIMONAN, an'te-niA-nan'. A seaport town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the province of Tayabas (Map: Luzon, J 11). It is situated on the eastern coast, opposite the Alabat Island, 19 miles east of Tayabat. Pop. about 10,000.

AN'TIMO'NIAL WINE. See.

AN'TI-MONOP'OLY PAR'TY, A political party organized at Chicago on May 14, 1884, when it nominated Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, for the Presidency, on a platform which demanded an Inter-State Commerce law, a direct vote for United States Senators, a graduated income tax, the establishment of labor unions, the repeal of all tariffs, and the prohibition of grants of land to corporations. In the ensuing election, the party united with the Greenback Labor party to form the People's party, which polled about 130,000 votes.

AN'TIMONY (Low Lat. antimonium, of disputed origin). A metallic element that was known to the ancients, but was first isolated in 1450. It is found native in small quantities, sometimes associated with silver, iron, or arsenic. Its chief commercial source is the gray antimony ore or stibnite, which is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Austria, and Italy, in Europe; in New South Wales, Australia: in Japan, and in this country in Arkansas, Nevada, California, and Montana. The usual process for the reduction of the ore is by roasting the sulphide with charcoal at a gentle heat, the antimonious oxide thus driven off being collected in flues. The residue, "antimony ash," consisting largely of antimony tetroxide, is mixed with reducing agents and fused in a crucible at a low red heat. The slag, which is called crocus of antimony, rises above the metal, while the latter collects at the bottom of the crucible.

Antimony (symbol, Sb., at. wgt. 120.43) is a brittle, hard, silver-white metal, easily crystal- lized, with a specific gravity of 6.71 to 6.86. It melts at 450° C, and boils at a white heat. Metallic antimony is chiefly used as a constitu- ent of alloys: with lead and tin, it forms type metal, stereotype metal, and pewter; with tin and copper, it forms britannia metal and anti- friction metal; also, in small quantities with copper, bell metal. Antimony combines with acid radicals, forming two classes of salts: those in which it is combined as a triad, yielding anti- monious compounds, and those in which it acts as a pentad element, forming antimonic com- pounds. The more important commercial com- pounds of antimony are the trisulphide, used in refining gold and silver from copper, in the preparation of safety matches, in percussion caps, and in the manufacture of fireworks; the tri- chloride, called butter of antimony, used as a bronzing solution for gun barrels; the trioxide, employed in the preparation of tartar emetic, which is a tartrate of potassium and antimony. Used in medicine and as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing. The sulphides of antimony have long been used in medicine, and are also constitu- ents of the pigments Merimee's yellow and Naples yellow. During 1900, there were produced in the United States, chiefly from imported ores, 1750 short tons of metallic antimony, valued at $346,980.

AN'TINO'MIANISM (Gk. ἀντι, anti, against + νόμος, nomos, law). The doctrine or opinion that Christians are freed from obligation to keep the law of God. It is generally regarded by the advocates of the doctrine of justification by faith as a monstrous abuse and perversion of that doctrine, upon which it usually professes to be based. From several passages of the New Testa- ment, as Romans vi and II. Peter ii : 18, 19, it would seem that a tendency to antinomianism had manifested itself even in the apostolic age; and many of the Gnostic sects were really anti- nomian, as were probably also some of the heret- ical sects of the Middle Ages: but the term was first used at the time of the Reformation, when it was applied by Luther to the opinions advo- cated by John Agricola. Agricola had adopted the principles of the Reformation; but in 1527 he found fault with Melanchthon for recommend- ing the use of the law, and particularly of the Ten Commandments, in order to produce convic- tion and repentance, which he deemed inconsist- ent with the Gospel. Ten years after, he main- tained, in a disputation at Wittenberg, that as men are justified simply by the Gospel, the law is in no way necessary for justification nor for sanctification. The "Antinomian Controversy" of this time, in which Luther took a very active part, terminated in 1540 in a retractation by Agricola; but views more extreme than his were afterward advocated by some of the English sec- taries of the period of the Commonwealth; and, without being formally professed by a distinct sect, antinomianism has been from time to time reproduced with various modifications. It ought, however, to be borne in mind that the term antinomianism has no reference to the conduct, but only to the opinions of men; so that men who practically disregard and violate the known law of God, are not therefore antinomians; and it is certain enough that men really holding opin- ions more or less antinomian have in many cases been men of moral life. It is also to he observed that the term antinomianism has been applied to opinions differing very much from each other. In its most extreme sense it denotes the rejection of the moral law as no longer binding upon Chris- tians, and a power or privilege is asserted for the saints to do what they please without preju- dice to their sanctity, it being maintained that to them nothing is sinful; and this is represented as the perfection of Christian liberty. But be- sides this extreme antinomianism, than which nothing can be more repugnant to Christianity, there is also sometimes designated by this term the opinion of those who refuse to seek or to see in the Bible any positive laws binding upon Christians, and regard them as left to the guid- ance of Gospel principles and the constraint of Christian love: an opinion which, whatever may be thought of its tendency, is certainly not to be deemed of the same character with the other. Probably the antinomianism that does not arise out of a dislike of morality usually originates in mistaken notions of Christian liberty, or in confusion of views as to the relation between the moral law and the Jewish law of ceremonial ordinances.

ANTIN'OMY (Gk. ἀντινομία, antinomia, opposition of laws; from ἀντι, anti, against + νόμος, nomos, law). A word used by Kant to mark the