Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/716

ANTI-EMETIC. is possible to select a proper anti-emetic. For ex- ample, the gastric disturbance may result from ex- cessive acidity of the stomach contents, wlien an alkali or simple dilution with water may give re- lief; or it may be of cerebral origin, in which case such drugs as the bromides or opium may be re- quired. If due to gastric irritation, a local an- a'sthetic may be efficacious; if to chronic alcohol- ism, some form of astringent, bitter, or stimulant, in some cases, may relieve the vomiting. See Emetic.

ANTIETAM, an-te'tam. Battle of, some- times called The Battle of Shaepsburg. A sanguinary conflict fought on September 10 and 17, 18G2, between a. Federal force of about 75.000 under General ilcClellan and a Confederate force of about 40.000 under General Lee. After having driven ilcClellan from the Peninsula and Pope from the Eappahannock back upon Washington, Lee took the offensive and crossed the Potomac, with the intention of invading Pennsylvania, and with hopes of inducing Maryland to join the Confederate cause, and possibly of forcing a sat- isfactory peace upon the Federal Government. Dividing his army, he sent Jackson against Harper's Ferry (q.v.), which surrendered with 12,500 men on September loth, ileanwhile, on MeClellan's advance from Washington, Lee took

SCALE or MILES up a strong position at Sharpsburg, on the west side of Antietam Creek, and fortified the passes of South Mountain. These McClellan forced on the 14th (see SovTH Moi'XTAix. Battle of), and on the 15th the two armies stood facing each other across the Antietam. JlcClellan de- layed his attack, and a part of .Jackson's forces rejoined Lee; but on the afternoon of the 16th the Federal commander ordered Hooker across the creek, where the latter skirmished until dark. On the morning of the 17th the Federal right and centre, under (ienerals Hooker, Mansfield, and Sumner, though their attacks were badly concerted, forced back the Confederate left under Jackson, who had arrived from Harper's Ferry during the night of the 16th; while the Federal left, under Burnside, which had been unable to cross the creek until 1 p.m. owing to the stub- born opposition of the Confederates at "Burn- side's Bridge," attacked at 3 p.ii. the Confeder- ate right under General A. P. Hill, and fought stubbornly until dark without obtaining any decisive advantage. McClellan decided not to renew the battle on the following day, though the Confederate right made several assaults upon Burnside "s position, and during the night of the 18th General Lee retreated unmolested across the Potomac. The Federals lost in killed, wounded, and missing about 12,500, and the Confederates about 11.000. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, more men being killed on September 17 than on any other one day between 1861 and 1865. Tactically, it was a drawn battle, though military critics are almost unanimous in the verdict that McClellan, who brought only a part of his force into action, made many grave blunders, while the generalship of Lee, who utilized nearly every man, was almost faultless. Strategically, however, it was an important Fed- eral victory, since it forced Lee to abandon his aggressive campaign and retreat into Virginia. "without McClellan's victory," says Rhodes, "the emancipation proclamation would have been postponed and might never have been issued." Consult: Battles and Leaders of the Cii-il War, 4 volumes (New York, 1887) ; Ropes, Story of the Ciril War. 2 volumes (Xew York, 1894-1898) : Palfrey. The Antietam and Freder- icksburg (New York, 1882) ; and Michie, General McClellan (New York, 1901), in the "Great Commanders Series."

AN'TI-FED'ERALISTS. The name given to a certain political faction and party in the United States as a means of conveniently distinguishing those in opposition to the so-called Federalist party. As a matter of theory and analysis, the Federalists believed in a national system of government, while the Anti-Federalists believed in a decentralized and strictly federal system of government. The Federalists had the advantages of possessing a positive programme, and of gaining the first two points in the conflict when the national constitution was adopted and when they committed the national government to the exercise of such extensive powers as the creation of a national bank. The Anti-Federalists were thus merely a party of political opposition to the party in power. When, however, the Federalists, in the ../Alien and Sedition Acts/ (q.v.), seemed to encroach both upon the liberty of the individual and upon the jurisdiction of the States, the opposition of the Anti-Federalists became acute and their fundamental propositions were stated in the ../Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ (q.v.). This crisis resulted in the triumph of the Anti-Federalists under the leadership of Jefferson in the election of 1800; but soon thereafter the leaders of the party began to abandon its original creed of the strict interpretation of the Constitution and the narrow limitation of the powers of the national government. The first step in this direction was the purchase of Louisiana; and when finally the Federalist party was driven entirely out of existence, its characteristic principles remained effective as the chief principals of the Anti-Federalist party. The party