Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/712

ANTHROPOMETRY. but useful means of compaiing crania of different types, while craniometric specialists have devised a series of points, lines, and angles serving to define cranial forms and tj'pes in great detail. Among the applications of anthropometry, in what may be called the static aspect, are those involved in the Bertillon system (((.v.) and related methods of bodily description for identification or other purposes, and among these that of identification by finger-prints (i.e.. by the patterns of the papillaceous ridges which are peculiar to each individual ). which was brought out in America by Gilbert Thompson and in England by Francis Galton. is of much interest.

During recent decades, what may be called the dynamic aspect of anthropometry lias attained prominence, and the measurement of structures has been supplemented by measurement of func- tions, both periodic and special. Among the former are rates of respiration and pulsation, which vary with sex, age. and race as well as with individual characteristics and conditions; and various devices ( including the plethysmo- graph, with its variants and improvements) have been devised to measure the interrelations be- tween the periodic and special functions of the human body. The latter functions are too nu- merous and variable for ready treatment, though athletic records, the military step in various armies, the hours of labor in different countries and classes, the variation of faculty with race and culture, and other relevant material are grad- ually assuming systematic form. Among the most fruitful lines of measurement of human function are those of experimental psychology, pursued in America by Cattell, Royce, Baldwin, Scripture. MacDonald. Witmcr. and others, for these open new vistas of relationship between structures and functions, between body and mind, and between the processes and the products of organic development in the human genus. The data obtained tlirough anthropometry ma,y be sunnnarized under somatology (q.v.).

AN'THROPOMOR'PHISM ( Gk. u-^^pumc, aiilhrupos, man J- iinpipr/. morphC, form). The application to God of terms which properly belong only to hunuin beings. This may be done literally,* teaching that God really has a body, as some (see Ai'd.eus) have been accused of doing, with doubtful truth. Some philosophers (Hobbes, Forstcr, Priestley) have ascribed to God a sort of subtle body. Figuratively, anthro- pomorphism is employed in the Scriptures, as when God is said to have eye or arm. Anthro- popathism ascribes to God human affections and passions, and is the more connnon form of anthro- pomorphism. The whole tendency arises from the difficulty of conceiving of God as he is in himself, and from the teachings of Christianity, which seeks to reveal God to men, and employs terms which are capable of being understood. Wliile it is susceptilde of abuse, it has a funda- mental justification in the fact that if there is to be-any knowledge of C!od at all, man must be assumed to possess a!il<c nature with God. We are made "in his image." TIic extreme of recoil from anthropomorphism is found in those philos- ophei's (e.g., Fichte and his school) who reject the personality of God as anthropomorphic. Sehleiermachcr. following Spinoza, thought that there was somelhing in God far higher than per- sonality, which he regarded as a lunnan limita- tion. Another term used to express the same as above is Anthropopathism.

AN'THROPOPH'AGY (Gk. ai'*,„j57»f, uu-thrOpos, man + <puyth plia gc in, to eat). Cannibalism; the eating of human flesh. See Cannibalism: Man, Science of.

ANTHU'RIUM. See Arum. ANTHYLIUS. See KiDNET Vetch.

AN'TI, or Cami'.^. An important and war- like tribe of Arawakan stock, occupying the for- ests at the head waters of the U(ayali River, on the eastern slope of the Andes, in southern Peru. The eastern division of the Inca empire took its name of Antisuj-u from them. They are of good physiqie and pleasant countenance, and wear their hair long and llowing, with a poncho belted around the waist as their principal garment. The women are skillful weavers of wild cotton, and the men are good metal workers. They cul- tivate the ground to some extent, and delight in taming animals from the forest.

AN'TIA'BIA AND ANT'JAR. See Upas. '''ANTIBES;;;, iix'teb'. A fortified seaport in the department of Aljies-ilaritimes, in the south- east of Provence, France, and the general port of comnnmication with Corsica. It stands on the east side of a small neek of land called La Garoupe, lying west of the mouth of the Var, in a fertile district (Map: France, Jv 8). The harbor is only serviceable, however, for small craft. 7t possesses a naval school, and has con- siderable trade in olives, dried fruits, salt fish, oil, perfumery, etc. The anchovies prepared at Antilles are held in high esteem. The environs of the town are bright with vine.vards and orchards, while its gardens of roses and jasmine furnish material for the extensive perfume manufactories of the town. Pop. in ISOtJ, 4950: commune, 0329; in 1901, 5512; commune, 10,947. Antibes is a very old place, having been found- ed under the name of .-Vntipolis by a colony of Greeks from Massilia (Marseilles), of which it became a dependency. In the time of Augustus it was elevated to the rank of a muiiicipiiiiii, and must have attained a high degree of pros- perity, if we are to judge frcnn the ruins of theatres and aqueducts that still exist. After the disintegration of the Rximan Empire, Antibes shared the fate of all cities in that region, becom- ing subject to successive tribes of barbarians from the Korth. In the ninth century it was destroyed by the Saracens; in the sixteenth cen- tury it was fortified by Francis I. and Henry IV.: during the War of the Austrian Succession, it sustained a siege of three months (1746); and in recent times gained some celebrity from hav- ing closed its gates against Xapoleon on his leturn from Elba. Consult Vinson, "Le port et le quartier maritime d'Antibcs," in Revue Mar- illmi: Volume CXLVI. (Paris, 1900). AN'TIBURGH'ER. See. AN'TICANT, Du. Pessimist. An appellation of Thomas Carlyle (q.v.). AN'TICHLOR {aiiH + ehlorinc) . jVny one of several substances (e.g.. sodium sulphite, sodium bi-sulphite, sodium hyposulphite, or calcium sulphide) used by manufacturers of linen and cotton iibre and paper pulp to remove the last traces of free chlorine that had been generated from the hypochlorite used in bleaching the materials mentioned. Free chlorine has a tendency slowly to disintegrate the material unless removed.