Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/710

ANTHRAX. obtain an attenuated anthrax virus by exposure to beat. Pasteur and others demonstrated that repeated passage through more and more refractory organisms increases the virulence of the anthrax bacillus.

Three methods for immunizing animals against anthrax have been devised: inoculation with at- tenuated virus, with toxins, and with antitoxic serums. Good results have been obtained by each of these methods. Medical treatment of anthrax is of no avail except in the sub-acute form in cattle and horses. In such cases the ex- ternal tumors may be cauterized and subse- quently treated with injections of tincture of iodine. The affected animals should also be given diffusible stimulants by the mouth. In the prevention of anthrax, the main reliance of the stockman is to be placed in vaccination. An- thrax vaccine may now be purchased of whole- sale druggists, and has proved very efficient in the prevention of the disease. The most impor- tant sanitary measure to be adopted in case of an outbreak of anthrax is the immediate and complete destruction of animal carcases. This is best accomplished by burning. If anthrax carcases are not destroyed, the contagion may be spread in the soil and water, and may also be carried by flies, buzzards, dogs, and other car- nivorous animals. The thorough sterilization of hair, wool, and animal skins by steam, dry heat, or otherwise, will prevent the infection of man from handling these products.

. "Special report on miscellaneous investigations concerning infectious and parasitic diseases of Domesticated Animals," United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Animal Industry, Bulletin III. (Washington, 1893); "Ueber die physiologischen Bedingungen der endogenen Sporenbildungen," in the Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde (Jena, 1896): "An Outbreak of Anthrax in Horses," The Veterinarian (London, 1895); "Anthrax in the Lower Mississippi Valley," Report of the United stales Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry (Washington, 1897); A. J. Murray and others, "Special Report on Diseases of Cattle and Cattle Feeding," Report of United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1892) : J. Law, The Farmers' Veterinary Adviser (Ithaca, 1892).

AN'THROPO- (from Gk. ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, man, human being). A combining form occurring at the beginning of many English words, especially scientific terms, and denoting that the word has something to do with man or mankind: e.g., anthropo-geography, the geographical distribution of mankind; anthropology, the science of man; anthropophagy, man-eating, or cannibalism, etc.

AN'THROPO-GEOG'RAPHY (Gk. ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, man + γεωγραφία, geōgraphia, geography). A division of bio-geography which describes the distribution of the varieties of mankind, and depends upon anthropology as the science from which it derives its facts regarding the types of men. As a division of bio-geography it is concerned only with organic phenomena, forming a higher kind of natural history in which man, as an animal in relation to his physical environment, is subjected to the same kind of investigation as plants and the brute creation. Both in Germany and France the literature on the subject is assuming considerable dimensions. Professor Friedrich Ratzel was appointed to the chair of anthropo-geography at Leipzig, in 1866. His Anthropo-geographie (Stuttgart, 1899) is a type of this division of geography. A. .J. and F. D. Herbertson, Man and His Works (London, 1899), gives in a popular form the principles of anthropo-geography. See ;.

AN'THROPOID APES. See.

AN'THROPOL'ATRY (Gk. ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, man + λατρεία, latreia, worship). A term signifying, according to its derivation, the worship of man, and always employed in reproach. Thus, the early Christians accused the heathen of anthropolatry because in their mythology men were represented as exalted among the gods, although an apotheosis (q.v.) was in these cases alleged by their worshipers; and the heathen retorted the charge of the worship of Christ, the reply to which was the assertion of his divinity. But the term is chiefly known in ecclesiastical history in connection with the employment of it by the Apollinarians against the orthodox Christians of the fourth and fifth centuries, who in worshiping Christ worshiped, as was affirmed, only a man in whom God dwelt. See.

AN'THROPOL'OGY (Gk. ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, man + λόγος, logos, discourse, science). The science of man. Anthropology is the youngest of the sciences and borrows methods from all, though the object matter — the human genus — is so far distinct as to require special treatment. This may be illustrated by noting the relations among the older sciences determined by their respective phenomena or object matter. In astronomy the objects of study are stellar and planetary bodies arranged in systems controlled by gravity; in chemistry, the objects are substances affected by gravity and also by affinity; in phytology, or botany, the same factors remain and vitality is added; in zoölogy, the objects are subject to the laws of gravity, affinity, and vitality, while motility is added; and in anthropology, all the simple factors remain, yet they are subordinate to the special factor of mentality which gives character to the science. In view of this relation it becomes clear that the course of development of the sciences from astronomy to anthropology is the normal one of passage from the simple to the complex. The same relation indicates that interdependence of the sciences which makes anthropology the debtor of the older branches of knowledge for methods of weighing and measuring, and of locating and tracing, yet leaves each older science practically independent of those younger, and all measurably free of the youngest science except in so far as it reveals the laws of thought, on which all knowledge is founded. Accordingly, the older sciences have coöperated to define and establish certain laws which may be styled the cardinal principles, viz.: the indestructibility of matter, the persistence of motion, the development of species, and the uniformity of nature; but it remained for anthropology (despite a definite suggestion by Bacon) to establish the complementary principle of the responsivity of mind.

At the outset anthropology was little more than an extension of zoölogy to a distinct genus, and the methods were shaped accordingly. As the study of structures was pursued, comparative anatomy made useful progress, and many homol-