Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/703

ANTEQUERA. tile plain at the foot of the Sierra de Antequera, on the Guadalhorce, 45 miles west of Granada (Map: Spain, C 4). It has a Moorish castle and is the seat of a number of hidalgos. There are some stately houses and a fine church of the Vir- gin. It is active in the manufacture of woolen goods, paper, soap, and silk. There is consid- erable trade in fruit, oil. and wine; and marble is quarried in the neighborhood. Pop., 1900, 31,665.

AN'TEROS (Gk., from , anti, against + , cros, love). In the mythology of the Greeks, the brother of Eros, and god of unrequited love.

ANTEROS, or ANTERUS. Pope, or rather bishop of Rome, from November 21, 235, till his death, January 3, 236. He comes between Pontianus and Fabianus.

ANTHE'DON (Gk. ). A town of Bœotia, situated at the foot of Mount Messapion, on the strait of Eubtt'a. The site, near the modern Lukisi, was described by Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, II. In 1880 excavations were conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, which brought to light a complex of foundations near the harbor. and what seems to have been a small temple on a hill outside the city. The course of the walls was also traced, and a number of bronze implements and sixty-four inscriptions found. The latter are chiefly gravestones, but give some idea of the local alphabet and dialect.

ANTHE'LIA (Gk., anti, against + , helios, the sun). Luminous rings op- posite to the sun, seen when the observer looks toward his own shadow cast upon a cloud or bank of fog or on the dewdrops on the giass. The shadow is seen to be encircled by a glory consisting of one or several concentric rings, having their common centre at the anti-solar point. The rings are usually colored, red inside and blue outside, but these are not pure colors, because formed by many overlappings of ele- mentary rings. The outside rings have but lit- tle color and fade off into white. The radius of the rings increases with the smallness of the globules that make up the fog or cloud. The largest ring ever observed is the "white rain- bow." which has an angular radius of about 40 degrees. It is almost pure white, and is gen- erally known by the name of the first observer, as Ulloa's ring. These rings are formed by the interference of rays of sunlight reflected from minute drops very much as in the ease of the rings or glories seen close around the sun and moon. All these phenomena were imperfectly explained by Sir Isaac Newton as due to the dis- persion of light refracted through drops of fog or rain; but the only satisfactory explanation is that first given by Dr. Thomas Young, and more fully developed recently by Dr. Pernter, which attributes them to diffraction or interference phenomena. Consult Pernter, Meteorologische Optik (Vienna. 1901). See.

AN'THELMIN'TIC (Gk. avri, anti, against + e?!in'^, lichniiis. a worm). Any medicine hos- tile to intestinal parasites. Anthelmintics which destroy are vermicides; those which expel, ver- mifuges. They act in one of three ways: (1) mechanically; (2) by some intoxicating in- fluence; (3) by an actual poisonous effect. Among the remedies employed for the Oxyuris vcrmicularis, "scat-worm," or ''thread-worm," are enemata of salt and water, or of in- fusion of quassia. For the .4scar!.s lumbrimidus, or round worm, santonin (q.v.) and spigelia, or pink-root, are most frequently used. The drugs given to expel fceniie, or tape-worms, are: as- piilium, or male fern; pumpkin seeds, and bark of the pomegranate. Kamala (q.v.) is fairly ef- ficient; cusso, or kousso, is of doubtful value. See ;.

AN'THEM (M. Engl. antempne, earlier antefne, M. Lat. antiphona, from Gk., anti, against + , phone, voice, sound). A piece sung in alternate parts. A species of musical composition introduced into the service of the English Church after the Reformation, and appointed to be sung daily, at morning and evening service, after the third collect. The words of the anthem are taken from the Psalms, or other suitable parts of the Scriptures, and the music is either for solo or chorus, or a mixture of solo and chorus. It is rendered with or without instrumental accompaniment. In its origin, musical construction, and use, the anthem is similar to the motet of the Roman Church and the Kantate of the Lutheran Church. See ; also.

AN'THE'MION (Gk., blossom, flower). A decorative motive in ancient, Oriental, and Greek art. It was frequently used, and on account of its graceful effect is often reproduced in modern times. It is sometimes called the honeysuckle ornament, and is closely connected with the conventionalized Egyptian lotus and the Assyrian palmette ornament. It takes the form of radiating clusters of flowers or leaves, and was used in architecture, in carving, in vase ornament, and in pictorial decoration. See Goodyear, A Grammar of the Lotus (New York, 1892).

AN'THEMIS. See.

ANTHE'MIUS (Gk., Anthemios) (?—534 A.D.). A Greek architect, mathematician, and engineer; born at Tralles, in Asia Minor. With the assistance of his colleague, Isidore of Miletus, he planned and built for the Emperor Justinian the church of St. Sophia in Constantinople (532-37), one of the greatest buildings in architectural history, and so may be regarded as the founder of the developed Byzantine style. He wrote, among other mathematical treatises, a work on the subject of burning-glasses. Some fragments of his writings have been found. He continued the Greek tradition of uniting architecture and theoretical mathematics, which the Romans had discouraged, and he was one of the greatest architects of all ages.

ANTHEMIUS. An emperor of the West (467-472), and son-in-law of the Eastern Emperor Marcian. He was appointed to the Western throne by the Emperor Leo, at the instance of Ricimer, who afterward married Anthemius's daughter. A quarrel arose between them, and Ricimer proclaimed Olybrius Emperor of the West in 472, and marched on Rome, which he took by assault. Anthemius perished in the battle. His character is highly praised in a panegyric of Sidonius Apollinaris.

AN'THER (Gk., antheros, flowery, blooming). That part of a stamen which produces pollen. An anther consists of two small sacs, between which there occurs a certain amount of