Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/698

ANTELOPE. now the great herds have disappeared from the remotest veldts, many species a few years ago numbered by tens of thousands are reduced to scattered bands, and others have become wholly extinct. The wide and rapid destruction of these abundant, valuable, and beautiful animals can be paralleled elsewhere only by the swift extermination of the American bison. Several species are represented only by small bands preserved upon private estates.

Antelopes fall into certain groups having a common resemblance. These will be outlined here, leaving the reader to consult for details the separate articles upon individual species, the most important of which will be found described in their alphabetical places. One collocation is that of the antelopine gazelles, including a large number of species elegantly shaped and colored, as a rule not exceeding 30 inches in height, with hairy muzzles and teeth resembling those of goats, and with ringed and usually lyrate or spiral horns; they inhabit deserts from the Cape of Good Hope to India. Here among less noteworthy kinds, fall the familiar ariel and other gazelles, the black-buck of India, the saiga, chiru, springbok, impalla, and the like. Another group (cerricaprine) is represented by the small African reed-bucks, the larger water-bucks, cobus, etc., the smaller rehboks and klipspringer, and the diminutive steinboks. A third (cephalophine) group is composed of the duikerboks and other forest-ranging species of Africa, among which are the smallest known ruminants, the least (see ) being only 13 inches tall. Only the males of these are provided with horns, and one species (see ) has four horns. These pygmies are connected with the cattle by the alcephaline antelopes, all large African species characterized by their much greater height at the withers than at the rump, and by having horns in both sexes, the cores of which are cellular as in oxen; prominent examples are the hartbeests, blesbok, bontebok, and gnus. Diverging oppositely from the typical gazelles toward the goats, the hippotragine section has been made to include very large African antelopes having long, stout, ringed horns in both sexes, such as the sable and roan antelopes, the extinct blaubok, addax, gemsbok and allied species. Another set of large species is the tragelaphine, represented in India by the nilgai, and in Africa by the bushbuck, koodoo, eland, etc. They are the largest, most valuable, and handsomest of all, their ground colors being bright and often ornamented or &ldquo;harnessed&rdquo; with conspicuous stripes, while their faces are beautifully marked. Consult: For former abundance in Africa, Harris, Game Animals of Africa (London, 1840), with colored folio plates; Lichtstein, Säugethiere und Vögel aus dem Kaffernlande (Berlin, 1842); and the narratives of Livingstone, Gordon Cumming, Andersson, Drummond, Baker, Schweinfurth, Selous, and similar explorers and sportsmen. For more modern conditions, Millais, A Breath from the Veldt (London, 1895); and Bryden, Nature and Sport in South Africa (London, 1897). For Asiatic species, Baker, Wild Beasts and their Ways (London, 1890); Blanford, Fauna of British India: Mammals (London, 1888). For zoölogy, Sclater and Thomas, The Book of the Antelopes (London, 1896); Brooke, Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London (1871-73).

For the so-called antelope of western North America, see.

AN'TENA'TI (Lat. nom. plur. of antenatus, from ante, heiore. -- natus, born). In law and history, persons bifrn before a certain time or event, especially with reference to the existence of rights which are claimed. The term is spe- cifically applied: (a) To children born before the marriage of their parents. By the common law of England such children are held to be bastards and do not become legitimate upon the subsequent marriage of their parents, whereas in the civil and canon law antenati are legitimate and capable of inheriting the real property of the father as if born after marriage. The common- law rule prevails in the United States excepting where it has been changed by statute. (See Bas- tard: Heir; Legitimacy.) (b) In English histo- ry, to those natives of Scotland who were born before the accession of the Scotch King .Tam^s VI. to the throne of England as .James I., and whose status as English citizens was therefore disputed, (e) In American history, to Americans born in this country before the Declaration of Independ- ence : and, also, to those citizens of the colony of New York who were born during the jieriod of Dutch sovereignty and who survived the trans- fer of the territory and government to the Eng- lish crown. The property rights of the antenati, and, to a certain extent, the benefits of the Dutch law were expressly preserved to them by the ar- ticles of capitulation, 1664. Consult the his- torical introduction to the Grolier Club, Facsim- ile of Bradford's Laics of Xew York, lG9'i (New- York. 1894). See the articles Allegiance; An- nexation.

ANTEN'NÆ. See.

AN'TENNA'TA (Lat. antenna, sail-yard, Neo-Lat. a feeler; horn of an insect). A class of Arthropoda characterized by the possession of one pair of ]ireoral feelers, three parts of oral limbs and head distinctly marked off from the trunk; respiration by tubular trachce, opening externally by segmontally arranged openings called stigmata. The class is divided into two sub-classes : Myriapoda, or centipedes, etc., and Bex- apoda, or insects (q.v.).

ANTE'NOR (Gk. 'Avri/vup, Antenor). The wise Trojan who advised his fellow-citizens to send Helen back to her husband. In return for his friendliness to the Greeks, his house was spared during the sack of Troy. A later version represents him as betrajing the city. Legends differ about him: one is that he built a city on the site of Troy; others make him the founder of various cities in northern Italy, or Cyi'ene. ANTENOR CAvTriDup) . An Athenian sculptor of the sixth century B.C. He made the original statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, which were carried to Susa by Xerxes (480 b.c). After the conquest of Persia, they were restored by Alexanclcr the Great, and were set up in the Ceramicus, where they were placed originally.

AN'TEPEN'DIUM (Lat. ante, before + pcn-dcre, to hang). A hanging in front of the altar. .s the earliest Christian altars were usually tables of wood or marble, it was customary dur- ing service to hang or set in front of them a richly decorated piece of stuff or metal relief. See .'i.tar.

ANTEQUERA, an'ta-k.a'ra (anciently Antiquaria). An important manufacturing town in the province of Malaga, Spain, situated in a fcr-