Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/682

ANONYMOUS. of this class constitute one of the greatest difficulties of bibliography. French literature possesses an excellent Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, 4 volumes (third edition, Paris, 1872-79), by Barbier, embracing the titles of about 24,000 works. The best works in English are: Cushing, Anonyms (Cambridge, 1890), and Initials and Pseudonyms (first series, New York, 1885; second series, New York, 1888); Halkett and Laing, Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature. 4 volumes (New York, 1882-88); Olphar Hamst, Handbook of Fictitious Names (London, 1868).

In France and Germany, literary criticism, when it extends beyond a brief notice, usually bears the author's name. In Great Britain and the United States, there is no uniform practice, though reviews are more commonly unsigned.

ANON'YMUS CUS'PINIA'NI. The Latin designation of an important anonymous manuscript, so called from the name of Joseph Cuspinianus, the scholar who brought it to notice about the beginning of the sixteenth century. It is an historical account of the quarter-century preceding the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The manuscript is in the Imperial Library at Vienna.

ANOPH'ELES (Gk. anōphelēs, useless, harmful; from, an, priv. +  ōpheleia, help, use). A genus of mosquitoes which form the secondary hosts of malarial parasites, and conununicate disease. See.

AN'OPLOTHE'RIUM: (Gk., anoplos, unarmed + , thērion, wild beast). A genus containing several species of artiodactyl mammals that lived during late Eocene and early Oligocene time in France and the British Islands, and that soon became extinct without leaving descendants. The remains of one species, Anoplotherium commune, of the size of a deer, occur in such abundance in, the early Tertiary beds of the Paris Basin as to justify the conclusion that these animals ranged the forests of Tertiary time in immense herds in much the same manner as do the deer of the present day. The feet were provided with three digits, two of which were of equal size and of some length, while the third was in the form of a reduced dew-claw. Anoplotherium is by some authors placed in close relation to the Oreodonts, by others to the HipiJopotami. See.

ANOR'THITE (Gk., an, priv. + , orthus, straight: i.e.. without right angles). An aluminum calcium silicate of the feldspar group of minerals. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, and is found in prismatic crystals in many rocks; it has also been recognized as a constituent of certain meteorites.

ANOR'THOSITE (Fr. anorthose. triclinic feldspar; see ). A rock of the gabbro family composed largel}' of that variety of feldspar, rich in lime, known as labradorite. Anorthsite has a granitoid but generally also a parallel structure, and in addition to labradorite feldspar contains often augite, hypersthene, horn- blende, etc. It contains on an average about 55% of silica, 28% of alumina, 10% of calcium, 5% of soda, and 1% of potash. Under the obsolete name of labradorite rock, anorthositr has been described from the Adirondack Mountains of New York, and from southwestern Norway. It occurs also about Lake Superior. See ;.

ANOS'MIA (Gk., an, priv. + , osmē, smell). A medical term, denoting a loss of the sense of smell. It may be due to causes acting either on the terminals of the olfactory nerve, peripheral, or on that part of the nerve which is witin the brain, central.

ANQUETIL, äNk'tḗl', (1723-1806). A French historian. At the age of seventeen he joined the congregation of St. Geneviève; was director of the Seminary of Rheims, and afterward director of the College of Senlis. In the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned in St. Lazare. He was an early member of the Institute, and secured a place as archivist in the department of foreign affairs under Napoleon. His best work was his Histoire de Reims (1756-57). He also wrote several volumes of memoirs, such as Louis XIV., sa cour et le régent (1789), and an incomplete Histoire de France depuis les Gaules jusqu'à la fin de la monarchie (1805).

ANQUETIL DUPERRON, dụ'pắ'rôn', (1731-1805) . A French Orientalist, born in Paris. He studied theology and Oriental languages, and in 1754 enlisted as a private soldier for India. There, after securing the support of the French Government, he passed seven years in the collection and collation of manuscripts, and studied the language and doctrines of the sacred books of the Parsees. He returned to France in 1762, was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1763, and in 1771 published Zend-Avesta, ouvrage de Zoroastre, 3 volumes, the first translation of Parsee religious works ever made into a European language. His further publications include L'Inde en rapport avec l'Europe (1790), and Oupnek&rsquo;hat (1804), a Latin translation of a Persian rendering of the Sanskrit Upanishads, noteworthy as the source of Schopenhauer's knowledge of the Indian philosophy, by which his own system was not slightly influenced.

AN'SARIES, or ANSA'RIANS, but more properly. An Arab sect living in the mountains between the northern part of Lebanon and Antioch; found also in Antioch and in various places along the Syrian coast and in the interior. The origin of the sect is involved in obscurity, though it appears probable that it was founded by a certain Mohammed ibn Nosair at the close of the ninth century. The sect belongs to the so-called Shiitic branch of ../Islam/ (q.v.), and may be described as the result of the accommodation of Islam to the old Syriac heathenism. Their tenets are therefore a mixture of paganism and Mohammedanism, with some faint suggestions from Christianity, particularly in the form of Gnosticism. While their doctrines bear a resemblance to those of the Ismailitic sect, and they are clearly influenced by this sect, still they manifest an independent development of their beliefs. They divide time into seven cycles, each corresponding to an appearance of the divine spirit in some personality. Divine honors are paid to Ali and his sons, who became the representatives of the ancient deities of Syria and Phœnicia. Ali is practically the personification of the sun, and the standing formula of the religion is, &ldquo;I bear witness that there is no god but Ali.&rdquo; They also set up a kind of trinity, associating with Ali, Mohammed and Salman-al-Farisi. The latter two are