Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/675

ANNEALING. ranged in iron trays, and placed in a long oven, whole they are gradually raised in temperature to near their fusing point by the trays being drawn along to the hottest part of the oven; and thereafter, the trays, with their contents, are very slowly drawn into a cooler and cooler part, till they become cold. The annealing operation generally takes twelve hours for small articles, such as wine glasses; but days, and even a week or two, are required completely to anneal large vessels. Many articles of glass, such as tubes for steam-gauges, lamp-glasses, etc., are annealed by being immersed in cold water, which is very gradually raised to its boiling point, and thereafter cooled.

The theory of annealing is one of considerable technical intricacy, and scientists are not altogether in agreement as regards many of its features. For a full discussion of the theory and practice of the hardening, tempering, and annealing of steel, consult Howe, Metallurgy of Steel (New York, 1892).

ANNECY, an'se'. A town of the department of Haute-Savoie, France (Map: France, N 6), in the midst of a fertile country at the north- western extremity of the Lake of Annecy, and 22 miles south of Geneva. The Lake of Annecy is 1426 feet above the sea, and is surrounded by magnificent mountain scenery. It is about 9 miles long and 2 miles broad. Its waters flow by the Fieran to the Rhone. Annecy has manufac- tures of linens, cottun-yarn, paper, straw goods, iron, and steel-wares. Its linen bleaehfields have existed since 16.50. The town is clean, and has an air of respectable antiquitj'. The shops in many of the streets are unfler arcades. The most re- markable buildings are the chateau, once the residence of the family of Genevois-Nemours, the old and new bishops' palaces, the cathedral, and the modern church of St. Francis, the latter of which boasts of possessing the relics of St. Francis of Sales and St. Jane Frances Chantal. Annecy has a scientific and archæological museum." Pop., 1901, 13,611.

In the twelfth century, Annecy was called Anneciacum Novum, to distinguish it from Old Annecy, Anneciacum Vetus, which occupied the slopes of a neighboring hill, and was a place of some consequence in the times of the Romans. In the earlier part of the Middle Ages, Annecy belonged to the counts of Geneva, and on the extinction of that house, it passed to the house of Savoy, in whose possession it remained, except for a brief period under the French Empire, until the transference of Savoy to France in 1860.

ANNE'LIDA. See.

ANNENKOFF, a'nyen-kSf, (1835-99). A Russian soldier and engineer, born in St. Petersburg. He was educated as a member of the corps of pages, took part in crushing the Polish insurrection of 1863, and was connected with the administration of affairs in Poland until 1866. He was promoted to be colonel, and during the Franco-Prussian War accompanied the German army. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 he directed the military transportation. He beeame a lieutenant-general in 1878 and served in the campaign against the Tekke-Turkomans in 1880-81. He directed the construction of the railway from the Caspian Sea to Samarkand, 1881-89. and in 1892 began the construction of the line from Samarkand to Tashkent. He was also known as a chief promoter of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and published Observations and Views of a Russian Officer (1871).

ANNENKOFF, (1819- 89). A Russian botanist. He studied at Mos- cow, and in 1853 became a director of the School of Agriculture. This position he occupied until 1875, when he was appointed director of the School of Horticulture at Uman. His works include a dictionary of botany, in which the names of plants are given in Russian, French, German, English, and other languages.

AN'NEXA'TION (Lat. annexus, a tying or binding to, from ad, to + nectere, to tie). The acquisition by a State of territory previously in- dependent or in the possession of another power. Though strictly applicable, perhaps, only to the extension of a State's sovereignty over ad- joining territory (as in the annexation of Alsace- Lorraine to Germany as the result of the Franco-Prussian War, and of California and adjacent territory to the United States as the result of the war with Mexico) the term is ap- plied to any territorial acquisition, near or re- mote, as in the cession of Porto Rico and the adjacent territory to the United States, and the forcible annexation of the Boer republics in South Africa to the British Empire. Mere cession of a territory does not nullify the existing laws, until otherwise ordained, and, until possession is taken, the prior authorities retain their police functions, although, technically speaking, sover- eignty ceases upon completion of cession. There- upon the inhabitants of the annexed terri- tory are absolved from their allegiance to their former sovereign and their legal relation to him is dissolved, but not their relations to each other. Titles to property are not affected by cession, ex- cepting in the substitution of the new sovereign for the old as lord paramount. See.

As annexation is a legal fact, resulting in the virtual incorporation of foreign territory in the annexing State, it is not affected by such extra-legal or informal acts as discovery, occupation, or military conquest, but requires for its completion the official and legal action of the State, by treaty duly made and ratified, by proclamation of the sovereign, or by legislative act. Thus, it has been recently decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the so-called Insular cases (1901), that Porto Rico remained foreign territory, notwithstanding the destruction of the Spanish sovereignty and government and the occupation of the island by the military forces of the United States until the ratification of the treaty of peace with Spain in 1898, and that it was this act which extended the sovereignty of the United States over that island. Where the transfer of title is not acquiesced in by the former sovereign, there must be an effective occupation and a virtually complete destruction of the previously existing authority. But the annexation may be complete notwithstanding the active or passive opposition of the inhabitants of the territory affected, as in the case, previously referred to, of the Boers in South Africa and the native population in the Philippine Islands. See ; ;, and the authorities there referred to.

AN'NIE LAU'RIE. A Scottish song of the eighteenth century, by William Douglas, of England, to Annie, daughter of Sir Robert Laurie, of