Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/673

ANNE. ANNE. (an) OF Austria (1601-66). The daufiliter of Philip III. of Spain, who in 1615 1)C- canie the wife of Louis XIII. of Fiance. The marriage was so far from bein;; a happy one that the royal pair lived for twenty-three years in a state of virtual separation — a result due chiefly to the intiuence of Cardinal Richelieu, whose fixed determination to humble the house of Austria led him to spare no means for alien- ating the affection of Louis from his queen, by representing her as ever involved in the most dangerous conspiracies against his authority. Her imprudent conduct, however, lent much force to Richelieu's accusations, for she certainly was concerned, in some degree, in the conspiracies of Chalais (1028) and Cinq Mars (1042). On the death of the King, in 1643, Anne became Queen Regent for her son Louis XIV., and evinced her discernment b_y choosing as her minister Cardinal JIazarin, whom she is said to have married secretly, anil by whose able management the young king (Louis XIV.) came into possession of a throne firmly established on the ruins of contending parties. (See Fro.n'DE.) The character of Anne was in many ways anomalous. Her stately coldness, which failed to attract her husband, often gave way to fits of reckless gayety which repelled him. Without being actually treasonable, she often engaged in intrigue. Proud of her royal state, she made an Italian parvenu her favorite, and, as some say, her husband. There was in her always a great conflict between the woman and the queen. Consult: Freer, Married Life of Anne of Austria (London, 180.5) ; Reyenetj of Anne of Austria (London, 1806).

ANNE (1470-1514), Queen of France. She was the daughter and heiress of Francis II., Duke of Brittanv. Bv her marriage to Charles VIII., December 0, 1491, Brittany be- came incorporated with France. Anne had been affianced to ilaxiniilian of Austria, but (he French king took care not to let slip so rich a prize. During Charles VIII. 's campaigns iu Italy she governed France well. After her husband's death she married his successor, Louis XII., over whom she had great influence. She was a woman of great beauty and intelligence.

ANNE, klevz (1517-57). The daugh- ter of John, Duke of Cleves, and fourth queen of Henry VIII. of England, who reluctant- ly married her on January 0, 1540. to conciliate the German Protestant princes, but divorced her on July 0th of the same year on no other ap- parent grounds than her plain looks and alleged incompatibility. She died at Chelsea, July 10, 1557. Consult Field, "Anna of Cleves," in the Gentleman's ilaqazine, Volume CCXC. (London, 1901).

ANNE (1574-1612). The wife of James 1. of England (q.v.), to whom she was married at Opslo, Norway, November 23, 1589. She was born at Skanderborg, Jutland. Her marriage dowry was the Orkney and Shet- land Islands. She was exceedingly fond of dis- play, her principal aim being to outshine the other women of the court. She is said to have favored Catholicism, but she did not openly identify herself with that Church.

ANNE, gl'er-stin. The title of a novel by Scott (1829), based upon events connected with the victory of the Swiss over Charles the Bold of Burgundy in the fiflccnth century.

ANNE, an, (1005-1714). The last British sovereign of the house of Stuart. She was born at St. James's Palace, London, February 0, 1065, and was the second daughter of the Duke of York, afterward James II., by his first wife, Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. When she was about seven years of age, her mother died, and her father soon after professed himself a member of the Church of Rome; but he permitted his daughters to be educated in the principles of the Church of England, for which Anne always retained an ardent if not a very enlightened attachment. To .advance his own popularity, her father gave her in marriage, in 1083, to Prince George of Denmark, brother of Christian V., an indolent and good-natured man, who concerned himself little about public affairs, and was endowed with no capacity for taking part in them. Anne's own weakness of character and that of her husband gave opportunity to Lady Churchill, afterward Duchess of Marlborough, her early Mayfellow. to acquire an influence over her which, during many years, was almost supreme. During the reign of her father, Anne lived in letirement, taking no part in politics. On the landing of the Prince of Orange, she seems at first to have hesitated, and even to have been inclined to adhere to the cause of her father, whose favorite daughter she was; but Churchill had made up his mind to an opposite course, and his wife induced the Prin- cess to adopt it. She consented to the act by which the throne was secured to the Prince of Orange in the event of his surviving her sister Mary: but quarreled with her sister about ques- tions of etiquette, and was afterward drawn into intrigues, in which the Churchills were en- gaged, for the restoration of her father, or to .secure the succession of the throne to his son. Although she had borne seventeen children, only one, the Duke of Gloucester, survived infancy, to die in 1700, in his eleventh j-car; and Anne was without a direct heir when she ascended the throne on March 19, 1702. The influence of ]Iarlborough and his wife was powerfully felt in all public afl'airs during the greater part of her reign. The strife of parties was violent, and political complications were increased by the Queen's anxiety to secure the succession to her brother. In so far as she had any political ])rin- ciples, they were opposed to that constitutional liberty of which her own occupancy of the throne was a sort of symbol, and were favorable to ab- solute government and the assertion of royal pre- rogative according to the traditions of her family. These principles, and her family attach- ment, tended to alienate her from the Marl- boroughs, whose policy, from the time of her ac- cession, had become adverse to Jacnhitism, and who now, along with Godolphin, were at the head of the ATiig party. The Duchess also offended the Queen by presuming too boldly and haught- ily upon the power which she had so long pos- sessed.

Anne found a new favorite in Mrs. Masham, a relative of the Duchess, who had introduced her into the royal household. Tn Mrs. Masham's influence the change of government in 1710 was in a great measure owing, when the Whigs were cast out, and the Tories came into office, Harley (afterward Earl of Oxford) and St. John ( Lord Bolingbroke ) becoming the leaders of the ministry. But although they concurred more or less in the Queen's design to secure the succession