Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/669

ANKARSTROM. ANKARSTRÖM, arj'kar stiein, See.

ANKLAM, an'klam. A town of Prussia in the province of Pomerania, 44 miles northwest of Stettin, on the right bank of the Peene, and four miles from its mouth in the Kleine Haff (Map: Prussia, E 2). The river is navigable to Anklam, which has long been a place of commercial importance. It was at one time an important fortress, but in 1762 its fortifications were dismantled. Many of its private houses are excellent samples of German mediæval architecture. It has manufactures of linens and woolens; it has also several breweries, soap works, and tanneries, and ship-building is actively prosecuted. Anklam was settled by Germans in the twelfth century, and joined the Hanseatic League in 1244. During the wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was repeatedly sacked. In 1720 it was acquired by Prussia. Pop., 1890, 13,000; 1900, 14,600.

ANKOBAR, an-kO'bfr, or ANKOBER. A town in eastern Africa, the capital of the former Abyssinian kingdom of Shoa, situated at an altitude of over 8000 feet, in lat. 9° 34' N. and long. 39° 53' E. (Map: Africa, J 4). The climate is very healthful. The town is surrounded by a wall and contains a royal palace. Its population is estimated at from 7000 to 10.000.

ANKOLE. See.

ANKO'RI or ANKO'LE. A plateau of the Uganda Protectorate, British East Africa, lying between lakes Albert Edward and Victoria. Its plains range in elevation from 3000 to 7000 feet.

ANKYLOSIS, an'kl-lō'sis, (Gk. ἀγκύλωσις, ankylōsis, a stiffening of the joints, from ἀγκύλη, ankylē, the bend of an arm, a joint bent and stiffened by disease). A term used in surgery to Qenote a stiffness in joints, which is not dependent upon muscular rigidity. It is usually the result of disease which has caused the formation of fibrous adhesions or deposit of osseous material. Osseous union may render the joint perfectly rigid, or union may continue membranous, allowing of a certain amount of motion. Some joints, espceially the elbow, are very apt to become ankylosed; and in the knee or hip-joints this osseous ankylosis is reckoned the most favorable termination to disease, as the limb can then afford a rigid support for the trunk. Joints stiff through a membranous ankylosis may be forcibly bent, and the bond of union ruptured, so as to restore mobility, or allow of their being placed in a convenient position. Ankylosis of the joints between the ribs and the vertebræ is common in advanced age: and there are some cases on record of universal ankylosis of all the joints. Ankylosis is caused by injury, tuberculosis, gout, rheumatism, and syphilis. Passive motion, friction, massage, douches, and forcible motion under an anæsthetic are methods of treatment.

AN'NA (Hind. ana). An East Indian coin, a sixteenth of a rupee, or about one and a quarter pence sterling, or three cents of United States money. It is money of account only. In Bengal accounts are kept in pice, twelve to an anna, and sixteen annas to the rupee.

ANNA, iin'na, In Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, the lady whose favor Don Giovanni and Don Ottavio both desire.

AN'NA, Saint. According to tradition, the daughter of Mathan, priest of Bethlehem, and the wife of St. Joachim. After twenty-one years of barrenness, she is said to have given birth to the Virgin Mary, the mother of the Saviour. Nothing positive is known about her life: her name does not occur in the Scriptures, nor even in the writings of the Fathers during the first three centuries. The first to mention her is St. Epiphanius, in the fourth century: but toward the eighth, she was all but universally invoked. Her body was believed to have been transferred from Palestine to Constantinople in 710 A.D., and her head to Chartrcs, by Louis de Blois, about 1210 a.d. The inhabitants of Diiren, in the Prussian Rhine Province, also pretend to have a head of St. Anna: and a third is believed to be in possession of the church at Ursitz, in the diocese of Würzburg, although numerous other churches claim to be equally favored. The Roman Catholic Church has a festival in her honor on July 26th, established in 1584; the Greek, on December 9th. In Austria, Bavaria, and other Catholic countries, this festival is one of great importance. In honor of St. Anna the Fraternity of St. Anna was instituted in the thirteenth cen- tury. After the Reformation it was organized anew by the Jesuits, and in modern times has manifested some vitality in Bavaria and Cath- olic Switzerland. She is the patron saint of child-bearers and also of miners, and it was upon her that Luther called for protection when in the storm, and to her he vowed to become a monk if rescued (1505).

AN'NABEL. In Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), the wife of Absalom. She stands for the Duchess of Monmouth, who was Anne Scott before marriage.

AN'NABEL'LA, In Scott's romance of The Fair Maid of Perth (q.v.), the queen of King Robert III. of Scotland.

ANNABERG, lin'na-berK. A town of the Kingdom of Saxony, in the district of Zwickau, on the right bank of the Sehma, 18 miles south of Chemnitz (Map: Germany, E 3). It is situated 1800 feet above the level of the sea. It has extensive manufactures of lace and of silk ribbon. The ribbon manufacture was introduced here by Protestant refugees from Belgium who fled from the persecution carried on by the Duke of Alva. Pop., 1890, about 15,000; 1900, 16,000.

ANNA BOLENA, iin'na bo-la'na. An Italian opera, the music of which is by Donizetti, text by F. Romani, produced at Milan in 1831.

ANNA COMNE'NA (1083-1148?). Author of one of the most valuable works in the collection of the Byzantine Historians. She was the daughter of the Emperor Alexius I. (Comnenus), and was born on December 1, 1083. She received the best education that Constantinople could give, and was betrothed to the son of Michael VII. After the death of her fiancé, she married Nicephorus Briennius. During the last illness of her father, she entered into a scheme, which her mother, the Empress Irene, also favored, to induce him to disinherit his eldest surviving son, John, and to bestow the diadem on her husband. As a punishment, Anna, with her mother, was shut up in a convent, where she remained until the death of her brother in 1143. The date of her death is unknown, but she was still at work on her history in 1148. She entitled this work