Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/663

ANHYDRIDE. Sulphuric oxide (S(K) wlieu added to water (ILO), forms sulpliiuic acid (H.SO,); sul- pluiric oxidu is. therefore, termed the anhy- dride of sulphuric acid. Again, chromic oxide (CrOs) combines with barium oxide (BaO), yielding barium ohromate (BaCrO,); chromic oxide is therefore, classed as an anhydride.

ANHY'DEITE (Gk. dc, an, priv. + Mwp, hydOr, water). i anhydrous calcium sulphate that crystallizes in the orthorhomJjic .system. It is found crystallized, librous, finely granular, or scaly granular. A scaly granular variety from Yulpino, in I^ombardy, Italj', takes a fine palish, and has been used for sculpture. In the United States it is found in Loekport, N. Y., near Nash- ville, Tenn., and extensively in Nova Scotia.

ANI, a'ne (native Brazilian name). A bird of the genus Crotophaga, inhabiting the warmer parts of America, and related to the cuckoo. Three species are known, the most common of which {Croivjihut/ti uni) is found in Florida, tlic West Indies, and tropical America, where it is known as the "black witcli," "savannah blackbird," and "rain crow." The anis are birds of medium size, about one foot in length, and having a black, lus- trous plumage with blue and violet rellectiims. The tail contains only eight feathers, the small- est number credited to any living bird. The bill is exceedingly compressed, the upper maiulible forming a thin crest. The nests are built in bushes, and the eggs are greenish overlaid with a white clialky .substance. One species is said to be communistic, several individuals uniting to form a large nest, which they use in common, and the practice may be conmion to the tribe. A Costa Rican species (Crotophaya sulcirustris) is named "el garapatero" because it accompa- nies cattle in the fields, settles on their backs, and picks from their hides the insect parasites called fninipatoi. For illustration, see CtiCKOO.

ANICET-BOUBGEOIS, ii'ne'sa' boor'zhwil', AuGfSTE ilSOIiTli. A French dramatist, born in Paris. The splendid success of a melodrama, (lustavc, uu le Xapolitain (Gaite, 1S25), which he wrote at the age of nineteen, induced him to follow a literary career. He soon became a collaborator with some of the leading authors of France, such as Lockroy, Decourcelle. Labiche, and Brisebarre. Among the vaude- villes and comedies produced in this way were: Ppre et pai-ruiii (1834), PusHc mi- nuit (18.39), Les trois epiciers (1840), Le premier roup de canif (18^8), L'avare en f/antu jaunes (1858), Jjcr mariafies d'niijoiird'lni! (1861). In conjunction with Barbier. Cornu, Loekroy. Masson. Fcval. and others he composed several melodramas, such as: Le eoureni de Toniungton (1S30), Pcrinet Leelere (1832), La nonne mniihinte (183.5). Marceau. on les enfanis de Ut Ucpuhlique (1848), La dame de fa F.alle (18.52). L'areiiijle (18.59), Le hossu (1862). His independent works include: La, Vcnitieniie (1834. one of his best efl'orts); La pauvre fille ( 1838), and .S7e»a (1S43). Anicet- Bonrgeois was a master of dramatic technique, and was unsurpassed in the fieUl of the melo- drama. He wrote in all nearly two hundred pieces, many of which, however, were eom])osed in collaboration with others, such as Dimias, for example, under whose name many of. ieet- Bourgeois's productions are still performed.

AN'ICE'TUS (?-168). A bishop of Rome from about I.'iT to 168 .D. About 160 a.d. he Vol. I.— as. conferred with Polycarp to determine the proper time lor celebrating Easter, l)ut they came to no agreement. Although it is not certain that he was a martyr, he is so called in the Roman and other martyrologies. He is commemorated as a saint by the Roman Church on April 17.

AN'ILINE (From anil. Ar. an-nil, for al, the + niZ, from Skr. nili, indigo). Amido-Ben- ZENE, or Phenyl-Amine, CoH^NH;. A liquid organic substance extensively used in the manu- facture of dj'es. Pure aniline is colorless, has a faint, somewhat disagreeable odor, and boils at 183° C. When exposed to the action of air and light, it gradually turns dark red. It combines with acids to form salts, such as aniline hydro- chloride, CSH5NH..HCI. It may be readily pre- pared by the reducing action of nascent hydro- gen on nitrobenzene, according to the following chemical equation: CHjNO, + Nitrobenzene H C„Hr,NH, + 2H.0 Aniline On a small scale the reduction is most conveni- ently effected by slowly adding strong hydro- chloric acid to nitrobenzene placed in a flask with granulated tin: the product of the reaction, a compound of aniline and chloride of tin. is decomposed with soda, and the aniline thus set free is separated from the mixture by distilling with a current of steam. On a large industrial scale aniline is made as follows. A small quan- tity of ground scrapings of soft iron castings, technically called sirarf, is introduced, together with some water, into a large cast-iron still furnished with powerful agitators. Crude hy- drochloric acid is then added, and nitrobenzene is allowed slowly to flow into the still; at the same time, through another opening, the rest of the swarf to be employed in the operation is allowed to flow into the still in a steady stream. After the first energetic action has subsided, the reacting mixture is heated with a current of steam introduced into the apparatus through several pipes. Si.x to eight hours suffice to trans- form all the nitrobenzene employed in one opera- tion. The process may be called continuous, since the acid employed serves merely to start the reaction, and might, theoretically, be used in reducing an indefinite quantity of nitrobenzene, the reduction being effected by the iron and water. In reality, however, a portion of the acid remains combined as ferrous chloride, most of the iron being transformed into its magnetic oxide. FcjO,. technically called black stuff. All the aniline brought into commerce is made in this manner. Aniline was first discovered in 1826 by Unverdorben, among the products ob- tained in the destructive distillation of indigo. In 1834 Runge found it in coal-tar: in 1841 Zinin obtained it by reducing nitrobenzene with sulphuretted hydrogen, and in 1843 Hofmann effected the same reduction with nascent hydrogen, by the reaction of dilute acid and metals. The manufacture of aniline has been an important branch of industry since 18.56, when the discovery of mauve was perfected by Perkin, The qualities of commercial aniline adapted to certain purposes often contain, besides aniline, large qtiantitics of other substances. Thus, crude "aniline for red" contains only about 25 per cent, of aniline, the rest being ortho-toluidine and para-toluidine. compounds chemically allied to aniline. The presence of aniline in a sub-