Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/660

ANGOSTURA BARK. ter bark of certain trees of the natural order Rubiaceæ; and tribe Cusparieæ, natives of Venezuela and other countries of South America. It derives its name from the town of Angostura, whence it is exported. It is said to have been used in Spain as early as 1759. It has been employed as a remedy for weakness of digestion, diarrhea, dysentery; and fevers. It is tonic and stimulant. The most important of the trees producing it is the Galipea officinalis, which grows upon the mountains of Colombia and near the Orinoco. It is a tree 12 to 20 feet high and 3 to 5 feet in diameter, having a gray bark, trifoliate leaves, with oblong leaflets about 10 inches long, which, when fresh, have the odor of tobacco, and flowers about an inch long, in racemes, white, hairy, and fragrant. The bark contains a chemical substance called angosturin, cusparin, or galipein, to which its medicinal efficacy is ascribed. It is supposed that a variety of Angostura bark is produced by Galipea cusparia (called by some Bonplandia trifoliata), a majestic tree of 60 to 80 feet in height, with fragrant trifoliate leaves more than 2 feet long. Angostura bark was formerly believed to be one of the most valuable of febrifuges; but its use is at present very limited, and has, indeed, in some countries of Europe been prohibited, in consequence of its frequent adulteration with the poisonous bark of the Strychnos nux vomica, or the substitution of that bark for it. This poisonous bark is sometimes called false Angostura bark. It differs from the true Angostura bark in having no odor, in its much greater weight and compactness, in its inner surface being incapable of separation into small laminæ, and in the effects which are produced upon it by acids and other tests, particularly in its outer surface being rendered dark-green or blackish by nitric acid, while that of the true Angostura bark is rendered slightly orange-red.

ANGOULÊME, liN'goo'lam'. The capital of the department of Charente in France, and formerly of the province of Angoumois. It is built upon a ridge, down the north slope of which straggle the quaint houses and crooked streets of the old town (Map: France, G 6). The new town occupies the south slope. It is situated on the Charente, and among its industries are a number of paper mills and manufactures of wine, brandy, woolen stuff's, linen, and earthenware. It possesses a royal college, a museum of natural history, a naval academy, a theological seminary, and a library of 22,000 volumes. It is the see of a bishop, and the cathedral of St. Peter dates from 1101. The founding of the see took place in 379), and Clovis built the earliest cathedral in 507. In the centre of the town stands the remnant of the ancient castle of Angoulême, in which was born Margaret of Navarre, the author of the Heptameron and other works'. Pop., 1901, 37,030. Consult: Castaigne, La Cathédrale d'Angoulême (Angoulême. 1834); Nanglard, Fouille historique du diocèse d'Angoulême (Angoulême, 1894-97); Babinet de Rencogne, L'Histoire du commerce et de l'industrie en Angoumois (Angoulême, 1878-79).

ANGOULÊME, (1573-1650). The illegitimate son of Charles IX. of France and Marie Touihet. Until 1619, he was known as Comte d'Auvergne. He was imprisoned in the Bastille from 1605 to 1610 for having plotted against Henry IV. He was then released by Louis XIII. and restored to his rank in the army, which he commanded at the siege of La Roclielle in 1627. He left some memoirs of the reigns of Henry III. and Henry IV.

ANGOULÊME, (1775-1844). The eldest son of Charles X. of France and Dauphin during his father's reign. He retired from France with his father (who was then the Comte d'Artois) at the beginning of the Revolution, and spent some time in military studies at Turin. In August, 1792, he entered Germany at the head of a body of French émigrés, and soon after retired to Edinburgh. In 1799 he married his cousin, Marie Thérèse Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI., with whom until 1814 he lived in exile. On the recall of his uncle, Louis XVIII., he was appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom: but he failed in his attempt to oppose Napoleon and was forced to capitulate. After the second restoration he was sent by Louis XVIII. to the southern provinces to repress the political and religious outbreaks there, and in 1823 he led into Spain the French army, which put an end to the constitution and restored Ferdinand VII. to absolute power. He was a man of phlegmatic disposition and mean abilities. When the Revolution took place in July, 1830, he signed, with his father, an abdication in favor of his nephew, the Duc de Bordeaux (Comte de Chambord): and when the Chambers declared the family of Charles X. to hixve forfeited the throne, he accompanied him into exile to Holyrood, to Prague, and to Görz, where he died.

ANGOULÊME, (1778-1851). The daughter of Louis XVI. She was imprisoned in the Temple with her parents, but in 1795 was exchanged for some French prisoners in the hands of the Austrians, and lived at Vienna till her marriage, in 1709, with her cousin, the Duc d'Angoulême.

ANGRA DO HEROISMO, iln'gra do a'r6-es'- mo (Portug. bay of heroism). The capital of the Azores, a seaport at the head of a deep bay on the south coast of the island of Terceira, lat. 38 38' N., long. 27° 12' V.(Map: Portugal, B.5). It is a station for ships between Portugal and Bra- zil and the East Indies, but the harbor is very much exposed. It is the seat of the Portuguese governor-general of the Azores and of the bishop; is well built, but dirty; strongly fortified, and protected by a citadel at the foot of the Monte de Brazil; contains a military college and ar- senal, several scientific and literary societies, a cathedral, and numerous churches. There is a considerable export of wine, cheese, honey, and flax. This city furnished an asylum for the Portuguese regency from 1830 till the taking of Oporto, in 1833. by Dom Pedro. Pop., 11.000.

ANGRA PEQUENA, iln'gri pft-ka'nya (Sp. pequeña, little, small; see ). A settlement and a bay in German Southwest Africa (q.v.). It has the best sheltered harbor in the German possessions in that part of the continent (Map: Africa, F 7). The commercial importance of the bay has almost entirely disappeared on account of the lack of fresh water and the general barrenness of the surrounding country. The settlement of Angra Pequeña was established by the Bremen merchant Lüderitz, in 1883, and it was the nucleus of the present German Southwest Africa. It was at Angra Pequeña that the