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ANGLO-SAXONS. tory (London, I'JUO) ; 'rmiiiT, History of the Aniiln-Saxons (London. 17!)!l-1805) . See . ANGLO-SAXON VER'SION. See.

ANGOL, an-ijul'. Tlie capital of a department of the same name, and of the province of Mal- leco, Chile, 70 miles southeast of Coneepeion. It is on a branch railway line which extends 4.5 miles southward to Traiguen. Pop. in 1885, (i:!.31; ISn.i, 70.56.

ANGOLA, au-go'la (Portug. for the native name Xyola). A Portuguese colony in West Af- rica, extending from 0° to 17° S. lat. and from 12° to about 25° E. long. (Map: Africa, PC). It is bounded by German Southwest Africa on the south, British Central Africa on the east, and Congo Free State on the east and north. Its coastlineontheAtlantic is about 1000 miles long, and its entire area, including the small posses- sion of Kabinda, north of the Congo, is nearly 485.000 square miles. The surface is very mountainous in the west, where some of the peaks reach an altitude of about 8000 feet. In the interior there is also an e.tended range of mountains. The coast line forms a great num- ber of harbors, the most important of which are Loanda, Lobito. Benguela, and ilossamedes. The rivers are mostly short, and usually dry up dvir- ing the arid season. The two most important and only navigable rivers are the Kwanza and Kuncne, both flowing into the Atlantic. The temperature varies considerably, owing to the uneven formation of the surface. The rain- fall is heavier in the northern part and in the vicinity of the coast than in the southern part of the colony. The agricultural products of Angola consist of manioc, coffee, bananas, sugar cane, tobacco, and cereals. The land is held mostly in very large plantations by the Portuguese, and the condition of the native farm laborers is very close to actual slavery. The trade is chiefly with Portugal. The chief articles exported are coffee, rubber, ivory, wax, and fish. The imports consist mainlj' of food products and textiles. The total value of the im- ports and exports for 1809 was 0,314,840 railreis ($6,820,000) and 7,035,414 ($7,598,247). The principal port is Loanda, the capital of the col- ony, with a very considerable shipping. There is a railway line about 250 miles long connect- ing Loanda with AmbaUa, which is planned to be extended to Malanje. Several lines are also planned to be constructed in the southern part of the country. The telegraph lines of Angola had a total length of over 800 miles at the end of 1899. The finances of the colony are in a rather strained condition, in spite of heavy tax- ation. The budget for 1839-1900 gives the rev- enue as 1.073.111 niilreis ($1,800,9.59), expendi- tures 2.013.671 (.$2,174,704). For administra- tive purposes the colony is divided into five dis- tricts, which are controlled by the Portuguese (iovernment, but the greater part of Angola is under the rule of native chiefs. At the head of the colony is a governor, appointed by the Portuguese Government. The population of An- gola can be hardly given with any degree of ac- curacy, estimates ranging all the way from four to twelve millions. The btilk of the population consists of Bundus. The number of Europeans is comparatively smaH.only about 4000; but they have exercised a great modifying influence on the native population inhabiting the western part of the colony as regards their customs and economic condition. The aborigines in the in- terior have retained their ancient institutions intact. The authority of Portugal in the west- ern part of Africa was first established by the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam, who visited the estuary of the Congo in 1484. Very little, how- ever, was done by the Portuguese Government to extend its rule further inland, and in the mid- dle of the sixteenth century it was almost en- tirely superseded by the IJutch. Gradually, by definite treaties, the Portuguese possessions in West Africa were extended to their pi'esent pro- portions. The claim of Portugal to the lower Congo was settled by compromise at the Berlin Conference of 1885, when she was awai-ded the territory of Kabinda north of the Congo. Consult: J. de Vasconcellos, .4s f'oloiiias Por- tuque-as (Lisbon, 1897); Chatelaine, Angola (Washington, 1893).

ANGO'RA (ancient Gk. "Ajxiyxi, Ankyra; Lat. Ancyra; Turk. Engiiri). The capital of the Turkish vilayet of the same name, in the moun- tainous interior of Asia Minor, and distant from Constantinople about 220 miles. The city is fabled to have been built by Midas, the son of the Phrygian Gordius. It was a flourishing city under the Persians; became the capital city of the Gallic Tectosages, who settled in Asia Minor about 227 B.C. ; was a principal seat of eastern trade under the Romans, and was made the capi- tal of the Roman province of Galatia Prima. It was the seat of one of the early churches of Galatia, and the scene of two Christian councils, held in 314 and 358. A decisive battle between the Turks and Tartars was fought near Angora in 1402, in which Timur defeated and took prisoner the Sultan Bajazet I. A temple of white marble was erected by the citizens of Ancyra to the Em- peror Augustus, who had greatly beautified the city, and his deeds were recorded in inscriptions upon a number of tablets and the columns of an altar. These inscriptions, the Moniniientuin An- cyrnntim, discovered by Busbeeq in 1553, are im- portant for the elucidation of ancient history. They w-ere first printed in Schott's edition of Au- relius Victor (Antwerp, 1.579), and have been edited by Mommsen (Berlin. 1883), and Willing (Halle, 1897). The present .Angora contains about 30,000 .inhabitants, of whom one-third are Ar- menians. The district is famous for its breed of goats, with beautiful silky hair eight inches long. Of this goat-hair a kind of yarn is made, known as Turkish yarn or camel yarn, of which a man- ufacture of camlets is extensively carried on in Angora itself. The Angora goat is bred for its hair at the Cape of Good Ho])e and in Victoria, and has also been successfully introduced into the United Sta"tes. Of the skin of the Angora goat the fine oriental Morocco leather is made. Many of the animals in this region are characterized by the length and softness of their hair, especially the dogs, rabbits, and eats. This peculiarity seems to depend upon the climate, an<l soon dis- appears in Europe.

ANGORA CAT, GOAT, etc. See Cat; Goat, etc.

ANGOENU, an'g6r-noo'. See Ngobnu.

ANGOSTURA, an'gos-too'rft. See. ANGOSTURA BARK, or ANGUSTURA BARK, or. The aromatic bit-