Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/644

ANGELI. ANGELI, iin'ge-li, Heinrich von (1840—). A painter of historical pictures and portraits, born at Ödenburg, Hungary. He studied with Leutze at Düsseldorf, where he painted the famous picture "Mary Stuart at the Reading of the Death Warrant" (1857). In 1862 he made his home in Vienna, where he soon won recognition as a painter of portraits, particularly those of the royalty. Some of the best of his portraits are those of the Crown Prince Frederick William (1874), Field Marshal yon Moltke (Museum of Breslau, 1884). "Queen Victoria Seated on the Throne" (1885), "Emperor William II. in the Uniform of a General" (1888).

ANGEL'ICA (Lat. angelic, i.e., plant or herb, in allusion to its medicinal qualities). A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferæ by some botanists divided into two, Angelica and Archangelica. The species are mostly herbaceous and perennial, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the northern hemisphere. They have bipinnate or tripinnate leaves. Wild angel- ica (Angelica sylvestris) is a common plant in moist meadows, by the sides of brooks, and in woods throughout many parts of Eurojie and Asia. The root is perennial, short, ringed, and branched; it is white within, and contains a yellow, milky juice. The stem is hollow, 1½ to 5 feet high, often flecked with, red; the umbel is convex. Garden angelica (Archangelica offici- nalis) is a biennial plant, becoming perennial when not allowed to ripen its seeds. It has greenish flowers in almost spherical umbels. The stem is as high as a man. The fruit is long and straw-colored. The root is long and fusi- form, an inch or more in thickness, with thick, irregular rugose rootlets. The whole plant, and especially the root, is aromatic and bitter, con- taining much resin and essential oil. The root has been admitted into the pharmacopœias as an aromatic stimulant and tonic, and used in nerv- ous ailments, and in indigestion and flatulence. It is very little used. The root of Angelica syl- vestris is sometimes substituted for it, but is much weaker. The garden angelica was at one time much cultivated for the blanched stalks, which were used as celery now is: but its cultiva- tion for this purpose has been almost entirely discontinued. The tender stalks and midribs of the leaves, candied, are still, however, a well- known article of confectionery and an agreeable stomachic: the roots and seeds are employed in the preparation of gin and of "bitters." The plant is a very doubtful native of Great Britain, but is common in many parts of Europe, and even in Lapland and Iceland. The Laplanders not only use it as food, but regard the stalks roasted "in hot ashes as an efficacious remedy in pectoral disorders. The powdered seeds of the wild angelica are used by the country people in some parts of Europe to kill lice. Several species of Angelica are natives of North Amer- ica, Angelica hirsuta and Angelica atropurpu- rea being the best known in the eastern United States. They are perhaps without any impor- tant economic value.

ANGEL'ICA. (1.) In Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, a beautiful and faithless Oricntal princess, the mischief-maker who beguiles Orlando. She is noted for her magic ring, which had the power of making its wearer invisible. (2.) In Congreve's Love for Love, an attractive heiress. (3.) A character in Farquhar's The Constant Couple and Sir Barry Wildair.

ANGELICA TREE. See.

ANGEL'IC DOCTOR, (Lat. Doctor Angelicus). Thomas Aquinas, so called by his admirers; known also as "The Angel of the Schools."

ANGELIC HYMN. Another name for the Gloria in Excelsis (q.v.).

ANGEL'ICO,. (1387-1455). The name applied to Guido di Pietro da Mugello, also known as Fra Giovanni da Fiesole. He was born at Viechio (Mugello), and entered the Dominican order at San Domenico near Fiesole in 1407. Because they sided with Gregory XII. in the papal schism, the community went to Foligno and then to Cortona. Returning to Fiesole in 1418, they removed in 1436 to the convent of San Marco in Florence. Angelico was employed in decorating the walls of this convent until about 1445, when he was summoned to Rome by Pope Eugenius IV. Except for a short stay in Cortona, he remained in Rome until his death. His master in painting is not known. He began as a miniaturist and later was influenced by Masaccio. His earliest works are at Cortona and in the Florentine Academy. Among the principal paintings of his best period is his "Last Judgment" (Florentine Academy), in which the representation of Paradise is particu- larly delectable. Others are the "Coronation of the Virgin" (Florentine Academy), a larger rep- resentation of the same subject in the Louvre, and the celebrated Madonna surrounded by saints and the angels (Uffizi). The convent of San Marco is a veritable museum of his frescoes. The cloister is decorated with representations of great Domin- icans. The chapter-house has a large "Crucifixion," and in forty-three rooms of the upper floor are frescoes from the life of Christ. His principal works at Rome are the decorations of the chapel of Nicholas V. in the Vatican, from the life of Saints Stephen and Lawrence, which show the influence of the new realistic school. He is the last and greatest of the painters of the transitional period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. His ideas are me- diæval, but his methods of expression are modern. Although he had no knowledge of the nude, and was unable to render dramatic action, his paintings are effective through the wonderful expression of the faces, and the beauty of color and arrangement. No painter has succeeded better in expressing fer- vid religious sentiment. "Surely," says Michelan- gelo, "the good brother visited Paradise, and was allowed to choose his models there." Consult the biographies by Cartier (Paris, 1857), Förster (Regensburg, 1859), Goodwin (London, 1861), Phillimore (ib. 1881), Ley (ib. 1886), Beissel (Freiburg, 1895), Supino (Florence, 1808), and Douglas (London, 1900), and the monograph of Rothes (Strassburg. 1902).

ANGELIC SALUTATION. See.

AN'GELI'NA. (1.) In The Rival Ladies, by Dryden, a sister of Don Rhodorigo. (2.) In Goldsmith's ballad of "Edwin and Angelina" in The Vicar of Wakefield, the heroine. (3.) A pseudonym used by Harriet Martineau.

ANGELIQ'UE, ax'zha'lek'. (1.) In Molière's Le malade imaginaire (q.v.), the daughter of the "invalid" Argan. (2.) In Molière's Georges Dandin (q.v.), the aristocratic wife of the rich peasant who is the principal character.

ANGELL, fin'jcl, (1820—) An American philanthropist. He was born at