Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/638

ANEMOMETER. by Professor Marvin's table of wind velocities, is that adopted at all Weather Bureau stations. In order to obtain the general velocity of the wind, free from all local effects, these anemometers are, if in a city, placed as high as practicable above the roofs of tall buildings, or if located in the country, on the tallest available support. The velocities thus obtained are considerably higher than the average at the surface of the earth, but the winds at the surface are much weakened by resistances, and these higher locations are needed in order to give us a clear idea of the general motion of the air under the action of the barometric pressures indicated by the isobars.

When no anemometer is available, the pressure velocity or force of the wind is estimated and recorded on some arbitrary scale, such as that which was introduced into the British navy by Admiral Beaufort about 1800, and is almost universally used at sea. (See .) The Weather Bureau has used various scales of numbers and terms, but the tendency is not to depart from the Beaufort scale. The anemometer is easily made to register its own indications on a sheet of paper, and thus becomes an anemograph. This is done mechanically in the Kew pattern used at British stations of the first order, but is done electrically at the Weather Bureau stations.

ANEMONE, Lat. an'e-mo'ne; Engl, a-nem'o-ne (Gk. ἀνεμώνη, the wind-flower, from άνεμος, anemos, wind), or. A genus of plants of the order Ranunculaceæ, having an involucre of three divided leaves, more or less remote from the flower; a petaloid calyx, scarcely distinguishable from the corolla, and soft, woolly achenia (see ), which in some species have tails. The name is said to be derived from the fact that many of the species prefer very exposed situations. The species number about eighty-five, and arc generally beautiful. Most of them flower early in spring. They are natives of temperate and cold climates, chiefly of the northern hemisphere. One species, Anemone quinquefolia, the Wood Anemone, is a common native of all parts of Great Britain and eastern North America, and its white flowers, externally tinged with purple, are an ornament of many a woodland scene and mountain pasture in April and May. Another species. Anemone pulsatilla, or Pulsatilla vulgari, the Pasque flower, adorns chalky pastures in some parts of England at the same season. Its flowers are purple and externally silky. Anemone patens nuttaliana, or Pulsatilla hirsutissima, is called the American Pasque flower, and resembles the European species. The Garden Anemone is a favorite florist's flower; the varieties are very numerous, and whole works have been published on them and their cultivation, which is most extensively carried on in Holland and has prevailed from a very early period. It is generally supposed that all these varieties have originated from two species, Anemone coronaria and Anemone hortensis, or stellata. Both are natives of the Levant; the latter is found also in Italy and the south of France. By cultivation, the size of the flower is increased, its form and colors are modified, and many of the stamens are often changed into small petals forming a doubled flower. The cultivation of the anemone requires great attention, the plant preferring light soil. The root, which consists of clustered tubers, is taken up after flowering. The plant is propagated by parting the roots or by seed. In the latter way new varieties are obtained. Seedling plants do not flower till the second or third year. Besides the species which have been named, others occasionally appear as ornaments of our flower-gardens. Anemone Apennina and Anemone pratensis have beautiful blue flowers. They are both natives of the south of Europe. Anemone Japonica, a most beautiful species, has been introduced from Japan. A number of species are common in the United States, among them Anemone quinquefolia, Anemone Caroliniana, Anemone Canadensis, and Anemone narcissiflora in mountainous regions. The species of this genus are characterized by the acridity prevalent in the natural order to which they belong, the rhizomes of Anemone nemorosa and others having been recommended in cases of obstinate rheumatism and in tænia.

ANEMONE, See.

AN'EMOPH'ILOUS PLANTS (Gk. άνεμος, anemos, wind + φίλος, philos, loving, friend). Plants whose flowers receive pollen by means of wind, in contrast with entomophilous plants, whose agents of pollination are insects. See.

ANEM'OSCOPE (Gk. ἄνεμος, anemos, wind + σκοπεῖν, skopein, to look at, consider). A wind-vane or other instrument which shows the direction of the wind. In its simplest and usual form it is an arrow balanced nicely on an upright rod and free to revolve. The arrow may be attached to a spindle connected with an index or compass scale, which may be either at the bottom of the vertical staff or at any convenient distance. In the wind-vane used by the United States Weather Bureau the arrow head consists of a pointer or rod about six feet in length that balances a tail-piece which is formed by two thin boards ten inches wide, joined so as to inclose an angle of about ten degrees. The wind-vane should be set up in a free and open space at a sufficient height above surrounding buildings to enable it to show the true local wind. Other forms of construction and the mechanical explanation of their action are given in Abbe's Meteorological Apparutus and Methods (1887); and in United States Weather Bureau Instructions to Observers.

A'NER. One of the three chiefs making a covenant with Abraham in Hebron (Genesis xiv: 13, 24). Like Mamre and Eschol, this eponym hero probably owes his name to that of a locality. A hill near Hebron still bears the name Ne'r. There was also a city in Manasseh named Aner (I. Chronicles vi: 70).

ANERIO, a-nfi're-o, (1500—?). An Italian composer, thought to have been a pupil of Mario Nanini. In 1594 he succeeded Palestrina as composer of the Royal Chapel. Ten books of his composition were published in 1585-1622, but many unpublished manuscripts remain in the archives of the Papal Chapel. He was highly esteemed among the composers of the Italian Renaissance.

AN'EROID (containing no liquid, from Gk. ά, a, priv. + νηρός, nēros, liquid + εἶδος, eidos, form) A barometer first made in serviceable form by M. Vidi, of Paris, in 1848, in which the pressure of the air is measured by the change of form undergone by an exhausted metallic box under the influence of the atmospheric pressure. In the diagram, Fig. 2, AA, is a