Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/635

ANDROPOGON. are considered of economic importance in Australia. Two tropical species are widely known, the lemon grass (Andropogon schœnanthus) and Andropogon nardus. sources of lemon oil and citronella oil, both of which are largely used in making perfumery.

AN'DROS (Gk. Άνδρος). One of the islands of the Greek Archipelago, the most northern of the Cyclades, separated from Eubœa by the Doro Channel, six miles broad (Map: Greece, F. 4). The island is 25 miles long, about nine miles in its greatest breadth, and covers a total area of about 100 square miles. The island is traversed by several mountain chains, separated from one another by deep valleys, which yield grain, olives, and other southern fruits, silk, and common vegetables. Domestic animals are raised extensively in the northern part, which is inhabited chiefly by Albanians. The chief seaports are Gavrion, Korthion and Andros, the capital. The last mentioned carries on a large trade, is the seat of Greek and Roman Catholic bishops, and has a population of about 2000. The island was originally settled by pirates and subsequently by Ionians. It was successively in the hands of the Athenians. Macedonians, and Romans, and, in 1207, had a prince of its choosing, the Venetian nobleman Marino Dandolo. In 1566 it fell into the hands of the Turks, whose rule, however, was chiefly restricted to the levying of an annual tribute of 30,000 piasters. At present the island forms a part of Greece. Its population (1896) was 19,000. Consult Kopf, Geschichte der Insel Andros (Vienna, 1855).

ANDROS, (1637-1714). A colonial governor in America, the son of an officer in the English royal household. In 1674 he was sent to America as governor of the colony of New York, and to him Sir Anthony Colve, the governor during the temporary Dutch supremacy, surrendered without forcible opposition. His commission gave him jurisdiction over Long Island, Pemaquid, and the region between the Connecticut River and the Delaware River. He was thus brought into embarrassing relations with the proprietary government of East Jersey, and also became engaged in controversies with the authorities of Connecticut. After the charters of the New England provinces had been declared forfeited by the English courts, the policy of the English administration in furtherance of a strongly centralized colonial system was illustrated by the steps taken to consolidate the lands of New England into one province, over which, in 1686, Andros was made Governor-General with large powers. He was to admit religious toleration. but could suppress all printing, name and change his council at will, and, with their consent, levy taxes, and control the militia. When Connecticut refused to recognize his authority, he appeared in the council chamber at Hartford, in October, 1687, with an armed guard, and demanded the surrender of the colony's charter. There long survived a tradition of the hiding of the charter in an oak tree. The leaders, both in Connecticut and in Rhode Island, deemed it prudent to render perfunctory obedience to the one in forcible control of the political situation. In 1688 New York and New Jersey were attached to New England, and Andros's rule was extended over all territory between the St. Croix and the Delaware. On hearing of the revolution in England, the people of Boston imprisoned Andros and some of his officers, April 18, 1689, and Leisler set up a rebel government in New York. In July Andros and a committee of accusers were ordered to England, but the charges were never pressed to a formal trial. The accession of William III. made possible the undoing of the work of Andros. The charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island were recognized as in force. Massachusetts received from the King an acceptable charter, and New Hampshire was organized as a distinct royal province. In 1692 Andros came back as Governor of Virginia, where he was popular, retiring in 1698, and acting as Governor of Guernsey, 1704-06. In 1691 he published an account of his proceedings in New England. The Prince Society has published a Memoir, by Whitmore (Boston, 1868-74), and an extensive series of the Andros Tracts, 3 volumes (Boston, 1868-74).

AN'DROSCOG'GIN. A river rising in Umbagog Lake, which lies on the State lines of New Hampshire and Maine. It is 157 miles long, and flows through both States, emptying into the estuary of the Kennebec above Bath (Map: Maine, B 7). Its value for navigation is small, but as the elevation of its source at Lake Umbagog is over 2000 feet, and as the descent is abrupt at many places, until at Auburn, Me., the elevation is but 210 feet, it affords extensive power to the many industries established on its banks.

ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, ii.N'droo'a' du sar'siV. A famous family of French architects of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, founded by Jacques Androuet (c. 1510-84), called du Cerceau from the circle used as the sign over his workshop. Jacques was one of the leaders in introducing the Italian Renaissance style into France through his works, his writings, and his numerous drawings. He was succeeded by his two sons, Baptiste (c. 1544-1602) and Jacques II. (died 1614), who took part in many of the great constructions of the time in France, such as the Louvre, the Tuileries, the Pont Neuf, St. Denis (chapel), etc. The third generation was repre- sented by Baptiste's son, Jean (c. 1600-16), chiefly noted for the private palaces he built in Paris, such as the Sully and Hellegarde mansions.

ANDRYANE, iiN'dre'an', Alexandre Phi- lippe (1797-1863). A French soldier noted for his captivity in the fortress of Spielberg. He was born in Paris, and after serving as an artillery officer until 1815, went to Italy and attempted to incite an insurrection against Austria. He was arrested and condemned to death, but his sentence was commuted by the Emperor of Aus- tria to perpetual imprisonment in the fortress of Spielberg, where for eight years he led a life of torture, vividly described in his Mémoires d'un prisonnier d'etat (Paris, 1837-38). He was par- doned in 1832, and afterward served with the French army in Italy. After the battle of Magenta he was appointed commissary general by Napoleon III. In addition to the before mentioned work he published Souvenirs de Ge- nève, complement des memoires d'un prisonnier d'etat (1839).

ANDÚJAR, an-doi5'Har. A town of Andalusia, Spain, in the province of Jaen, 24 miles north-northwest of Jaen, on the right bank of the Guadalquivir, at the base of the Sierra Morena (Map: Spain, C 3). It stands on the high road at the head of a pass over the Sierra