Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/632

ANDREWS. paign against Mobile" was brevetted major-general of volunteers in March, 18G5. He was United States marshal in Massaehusetts from 18G7 to 1S71, and was professor of French at West Point from 1871 to 1882, and of modern languages from 1882 until his retirement in 1892.

ANDREWS, (1819-61). An American educator and sixth president of Kenyon College. He was born in Ashland Co., Ohio, and was educated at Kenyon College. He took an active interest in the common schools, and it is said that much of the present excellence of the Ohio school sj-stem is due to him. His administration at Kenyon College was also very successful. At the beginning of the Civil War President Andrews raised a company in Knox County and was made captain. Afterward, as colonel of the Fourth Ohio Volunteers, he saw severe service in Virginia. He died of camp fever while in active service.

ANDREWS, (1795-18G8). An Amer- ican educator. He was born in East Windsor, Conn., educated at Jefferson College. Pa., and Princeton Theological Seminary, and went as missionary to the Sandwich Islands in 1827. In 1831 he founded what became the Hawaiian Uni- versity, in which he was professor. He was long privy councillor and judge under the native gov- ernment. He wrote a Hawaiian dictionary, and published jnirt of the Bible in that tongue. ANDREWS, ST. See.

ANDREWS, ST. . See.

ANDREWS, (1817 — ). Anlr- vingite divine. He vas born at Danbury, Conn., July 31, 1817, graduated at Williams College, 1839; practiced law for some years, but turned his attention to theolog}', and was a Congrega- tional pastor from 1848 to 1855. In 1856 he be- came pastor of the Catholic and Apostolic Church (Irvingite) at Hartford, Conn. His publica- tions embrace: Life of Ovr Lord Upon llw Earth, Considered in Its Historical, Chronological, and (Geographical Helations (New York, 1863; new and whollv revised edition, 1891) ; Gnd's Revela- tions of 'Himself to Men (1885), Christianity and Anti-Christianity in Their Final Confiict (1898),- y;i,c Church and Its Organic Ministry (1899), Willium Watson Andi-ews: A Religions liiographii (1900).

ANDREWS, (1812-86). An eccentric writer and originator of a system of stenographic reporting. He was born in Temple- ton, Mass., studied for the law, and became in- volved in the abolition agitation, for which he undertook a mission to England. While there he learned phtmography, and on his return to America devised a popular system of phono- graphic reporting. To further this he published a series of instruction books and edited two jour- nals, the Anglo-Saxon and the Propagandist. He was a remarkable linguist, but an erratic scholar and writer. He devised a "scientific" language, "Alwato." in which he was wont to converse and correspond with pupils. At the time of his death he was compiling a dictionary of it, which was published posthumously.

ANDREWS, (1813-85). An Irish chemist and physicist, born at Belfast. He stud- ied medicine aiul the physical sciences at Glas- gow, Paris. Edinburgh, and Dublin. After prac- ticing medicine for several years in his native city, he became, in 18 45, professor of chemistry at Queen's College, which position he resigned in 1879. Andrews carried out a number of im- portant researches on the heat developed during various chemical transformations, and on the natuie of ozone. His most important contribu- tion to science, however, was the discovery (1861) of the continuity of the liquid and gas- eous states. He was the tirst to find that for eveiy gas there is a temperature (called the critical temperature) above which the gas cannot be liquefied, no matter how great the pressure ex- erted upon it. Below that temperature the gas may be partly liquefied, gas and liquid being separated by the surface of the latter. Precisely at the critical temperature, however, the surface of separation disappears, and the substance en- ters into a homogeneous state, coml>ining the properties both of the liquid and the gaseous states. This continuity of states renders it pos- sible to extend to liquids the laws of gases, and thus establishes an intimate relationship between the properties of matter in the two states. See Critical Point.

ANDREWS, (1848—). An English author. He was born at Kirkby-Woodhouse, England, and was educated at private academies. In 1890 he established the Press, one of the lead- ing papers of Hull, which he conducted until 1900, in which year he was appointed chief li- brarian of the Hull Subscription Library. He is also a member of the Yorkshire Dialect Society and of the East Biding Antiquarian Society. Among his principal publications are: Bygone England (1892), Literary Byways, Ecclesias- tical Curiosities (1899), Old Church Lore (1891), Legal Lore and North Country Poets (1888).

ANDREWS, (1818-96). An American inventor. He was born at Grafton, Mass. In 1844 he invented the centrifugal pump, which made it possible to save from abandoned Avreeks goods not injured by water. This pump, patented here in 1846, was manufactured in Eng- land as the Gwynne pump. Afterward he in- vented and patented the anti-friction centrifugal pump, made various modifications of the centri- fugal pumps, of which the "Catai-act" is the mcist important, and patented a widely used sys- tem of gangs of tul)e wells.

ANDREWS, (1810-97). An American clergyman of the Catholic Apostolic Church. He was born at Windham, Windham County. Conn., graduated in 1831 at Yale, and in 1834 was ordained and installed pastor of the Congregational church at Kent. Conn. He early accepted the tenet of the Catholic Apostolic Church, commonly spoken of as the "Irvingites," and in 1849. having given up his charge at Kent, he assumed charge of the Catholic Apostolic congregation in Potsdam, N. Y. He subsequently made his home in Wcthersfield, Conn., and traveled much in the Eastern and Middle Stales as evangelist. Among the congregations^ established under his direction was one organized at Hartford in 1868. He was an eloquent preacher, and a clear and forceful writer. He contributed articles on the Catholic Apostolic Church to the Bihliotheca Sacra and McClintock and Strong's Cyclopwdia, jiropaied for the Life of President Porter a chapter on Dr. Porter as "A Student at Yale," and published many reviews, orations sermons and addresses. andT/ie Miscellanies and