Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/627

ANDRASSY. 1847-48. In the levulution of 1848 he was an earnest adherent of the popuhir cause, and spent the years 1840-57 an exile in France and England. Retiirninj; home, lie was elected a member f]f the Diet in 1801, and became its vice-president from ISlio to 18(i6. After the reconstruction of Austria-Hungary on a dual basis, De;'ik procured the appointment of Andrassy as prime minister of Hungary in 18G7, and his administration was thoroughly popular as well as eminently success- ful in carrying through financial, judicial, and military reforms. He succeeded Count Beust in 1871 as minister of foreign atl'airs of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. He was tlic chief representa- tive of Austria-Hungary at the Congress of Ber- lin in 1878, and .secured for Austria-Hungary the mandate for the occupation of liosnia anil Herze- govina. He negotiated with Bismarck in 187S the Austro-German alliance. He resigned in that year. ANDRÉ, aN'dra',  (1842 — ). A French astronomer, born at Chauny (Aisne). In 1877 he became professor of astronomy at Lyons, and director of the observatory in that city, in which capacity he visited the Rocky Mountains and Australia to observe the transit of Venus. His principal works are: L'astron- oiiiif pratique ct Ics tihsrrrations f'n Europe ct Amcrifiue depuis le tuilicu <lu SVIIc siecle jusqu'a nos jours (5 volumes, 1874-78), Re- cherclws sur le cliniat du Liionnais (1881).

ANDRÉ, (1763-1831). A German educator, agriculturist, and author. He was born at Hildburghau.sen, was an instructor at Schnepfenthal, and in 1708 became director of the Protestant school at Briinn. He was ap- pointed manager of the estates of Prince Salra, at Briinn, in 1812, and in 1821 became secretary of the Society for the Promotion of .griculture in Moravia. With Becker he founded the AUye- niciner Reichsanzeiger (Ciotha, 1707). He was at ditferent times an editor of various periodi- cals, and in collaboration published the series (lemeinniitzige tipaziergiinye uiif alle Tage iin Jtthr (1790-05), and Kompendinne BihUothek der gememniitzUchen Kenntnisse (1700-98).

ANDRÉ, an'dra or an'dri, (1751-80). An English soldier in the American Revolution wlio met his death under circumstances which have given his name a place in history. He was born in London of Genevese and French parentage, entered the English army at the age of twenty, and in 1774 joined his regiment in Canada. He was captured by General Montgomery in November, 1775, at St. Johns, and until December, 1776, when he was exchanged, he was held as a prisoner at Lancaster, Pa. He was promoted to be captain in 1777, and soon afterward became an aide to General Charles Grey. In the following year he was raised to the rank of major, and was appointed adjutant- general of the English army in America and aide to Sir Henry Clinton. During the negptiations between Clinton and General Arnold, in 1780, for the betrayal into the hands of the British of West Point, with its stores and magazines, including nearly the whole stock of powder of the American army. Major Andr(^ acted as the confidential agent of General Clinton, and at- tended to most of the correspondence. In order to perfect plans for carrying out the jdot. Andr^. under the assumed name of "John Anderson." left New York on September 20, ascended the Hudson in the Britisli sloop-of-war Vulture, and on the 21st and 22d met Arn<dd in secret and made the necessary arrangements. During their interview, the Vulture was forced down stream by the fire of an American battery, and Andre, armed with a pass from Arnold, and disguised (against General Clinton's explicit instructions) as a civilian, started on horseback for New York, carrying several incriminating papers, in Ar- nold's handwriting, concealed in his boots. Near Tarrytown at 9 a.m. on the 2:U — when almost within sight of the Britisli lines — he was cap- tured by three American militiamen (John Paul- ding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart), who found the documents, and refusing all bribes, handed their prisoner over to Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, by whom Arnold was blunderingly notified, and thus enabled to escape. A military court, presided over by General Nathanael Greene, and consisting of six major-generals and eight brigadiers, convened on September 29th, at Washington's request, and unanimously convicted André of being an Englisli spy. In accordance with military usage, he was therefore condemned to be hanged, and on October 2d the sentence was carried out at Tappan, New York, AndriS behaving with the utmost courage and serenity, and calling upon the American officers to witness that he died like a brave man. His fate aroused much sympathy everywhere, and his death has passed into history as one of the most pathetic incidents of the Revolutionary War; but it is now generally recognized both in this country and in England that Washington could not have acted otherwise than as he did. and that, by the rules of war, AndrS clearly brought upon himself the punishment he received. A monument was erected to Andre's memory in Westminster Abbey, and in 1821 his body was disinterred at Tappan and conveyed to a grave near the monument. Andre had a singularly attractive personality, which has added much to the general interest in his fate. Vivacious, witty, and strikingly handsome, he had, moreoer, a charm of manner which made him a general favorite in the English army and endeared him even to the American officers who came in contact with him during his captivity. He was, besides, remarkably versatile, and, in particular, had considerable literary, artistic, and musical talent. A facile and pleasing writer, he carried on much of Clinton's correspondence, and wrote many fugitive verses, some of which, such as The Coie Chase, Yankee Doodle's EiCpedition to Rhode Island, and The Affair between Generals Howe and Gadsden, were very popular at the time in the English army. During the winter spent by the English in Philadelphia, he was the life and soul of all the gaj'eties and festivities there, and took the leading part in the famous "Mischianza" — a pageant given in honor of the departing Lord Howe. Interest in Andre has been much heightened, also, by the romantic story of his early attachment to a Miss Honora Sneyd, of Lichfield, England, who was subsequently married to the father of Maria Edgeworth.

In Volume VI. of the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Peniisi/lrania (1858) is the "Case of Major Andre, with a Review iff the Statement of it in Lord Mahon's History of England," by Charles J. Biddle — an essay containing a full narrative of the case, with a discussion of all the questions of law and duty raised in connection with it. Consult also an excellent work by