Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/625

ANDESITE. in most oases the erystals of aiulpsine are ar- raiijiioil ioni,'hly parallel, giving tlie rot-k its characteristic Ihixion or andesitic structure. This structure is due to the flow of the once molten mass in the form of lava. In composition this family of rocks shows wide variations, limited, liowever, by the rhyolites (q.v.) and trachytes (q.v.) on the one hand, and the basalts on the nthtr. Fairly rich in silica and alumina, they contain moderate amounts only of the heavier and darker bases, viz., iron, lime, and magnesia. Tlicy contain from CO to 70 per cent, of silica, 13 to 18 per cent, of alumina, 4 to 9 per cent. of iron, 3 to 6 per cent, of lime, 5 to 9 per cent, of alkalies, and smaller percentages of magnesia. They owe tlicir name to their extensive develop- ment in the Andes of South America, though they occur extensively throughout the entire Cor- dilleran system of mountains, in South, Central, and North America. See Rhtolite; Trachyte.

ANDI'RA (Neo-Lat., probably from the native Urazilian name). A genus of about twenty species of tropical American trees of the natural order Leguminosa;, having almost orbicular, one- celled, one-seeded pods. Andira inerniis grows in low savannahs in the West Indies, and is there called cabbage tree or cabbage-bark tree. It is a tree of considerable height, haVing pinnate leaves, with thirteen to fifteen ovato-lanceolate leaflets and panicles of reddish lilac flowers. Its bark, called cabbage bark, or worm bark, is a powerful anthelmintic, and although it has re- cently been discarded from the pharmacopoeias of tireat Britain, still finds a place in those of other countries, along with Surinam bark, the bark of Andira retusa of Surinam. Similar properties reside in the bark of several specie.'? of the allied genus GeofTroya. A single fossil species of Andira has been described from the middle Tertiary rocks of Europe.

AND'IRON (0. P. aiidier, from Low Lat. anilcria, a fire-dog; the Fr. Irnulirr stands for randier). A metal utensil used in burning wood in an open fireplaee. It consists of a horizontal bar supported on three short legs with an up- right standard at one end. Andirons are cm- ployed in pairs, one andiron being placed on each side of the hearth, with the uprights in front and the horizontal bars extending backward into the fireplace, the logs or sticks of wood resting across the horizontal bars. It is usual to make the uprights of various ornamental designs, and, often, to cover them with copper, brass or silver. Andirons are manufactured by forging, wrought iron being the material of which they are most commonly made. Handirons, fire-dogs and dog- irons are colloquial names for andirons.

AWDIZHAN, iin'de-zhan'. Capital of the district of Andizhan, territory of Ferghana, Russian Turkestan (Map: Central Asia, Afghan- istan, il 1). It is about 42 miles from Margelan, the capital of the territory, and has about 47,000 inhabitants. Cotton is the principal article of commerce. Until the sixteenth cen- tury it was the principal town of Ferghana. The Russians obtained pcsession of it in 187i>.

ANDKHUI, and-Koo'e. A toAvn of Afghan Turkestan, situated in the province of Maimcne, about -200 miles south of Bokhara (Map: Central Asia, Afghanistan, K 3). It lies on the trade route between Bokhara and Afghanistan, and has a population of about 15,000.

ANDLAU, iixMli/, (i.vsxoN .Joseph Har-DOUIN, CoMTE D' (1824-94). A French general, born at Nancy. He attended, for a time, the military school at St. Cyr, and later, in active service, distinguished himself as a captain in the Crimean War. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War he was appointed a colonel on the general staff of the Army of the Rhine, and subsequently he fought in the battles before Metz. He was elected a senator in 1870, and promoted to be a general of brigade in 1879. He was involved in the so-called affaire des decorations, in which General Callarel was found guilty of selling decorations of merit, and fled to South America. He published De la cavalerie dans le passe et dans I'avenir (1809) and Organisation et taetique de Vinfanterie fran^aise depuis son origine (1872).

ANDLAW-BIRSECK, iint'lav-ber'sek, Franz Xavieu, Baro. von (1799-1876). A German diplomat and author. He was born at Freiburg, and in early life studied Jurisprudence at the rmiversity there and at Landshut and Heidelberg, and in 1824 entered the public service of Baden. From 1826 to 1830, and again from 1832 to 1835, he was secretary of the embassy at Vienna. He was appointed minister at Munich in 1838 ; minister at Paris in 1843, and in 1846 ambassador extraordinary at Vienna. He retired in 1856, and subsequently published Erinnerungs-hliitter aus den Papieren fines Diplomalen (1857), Meiti Tagebuch 1811-61 (1862), Die hy- zantinischen Kaiser (1865), Sleben heilige Fiirs- ten (1865).

ANDOCIDES, an-dosl-dez (Gk. 'vdoicid7i(, Andokidcs) (c. 440 B.C.). The least of the Ten Attic Orators. In 415 he was involved with the younger members of the aristocratic party in lihe charge of mutilating the Herma?. To protect himself, he betrayed some of his associates, but suffered partial loss of civic rights, and went to Rhodes, where he engaged in trade. From 407 he lived in Elis. The amnesty of 403 allowed him to return to Athens. In 391 he was sent to Sparta to negotiate a peace. On his return he was unable to persuade the Athenians to accept the treaty, was charged with mismanagement, and banished. The date of his death is un- known. Three of his speeches are extant: On His Return (407), On the Mysteries (399), On the Peaee (391). The oration Against Alci- biades is spurious, and the authenticity of On the Peace is doubted. Consult: Jebb, Attic Ora- tors (London, 1876-80) ; Blass, Attische Bered- samUcil (Leipzig, 1887-98).

ANDORRA, an-dor'ra. A republic in the valley of the same name in the eastern Pyrenees, between the French department of Ariege and Catalonia, in Spain (Map: Spain, F 1). The valley is inclosed by mountains, through which its river, the Balira, breaks to join the Segi'e at Urgel : and its inaccessibility naturally fits it for being the seat of the interesting little republic, which leads a semi-independent existence under the protection of France and the Bishop of Urgel. Its area is about 175 square miles, and it is divided into the six parishes of Santa Julia, Andorra-Vieilla, Encamp, Canillo, La Massana, and Ordino. The former abundant forests are being exhausted from use as fuel : there is much excellent pasture; vines and fruit trees flourish on the lower grounds, and the mountains contain rich iron mines. The limited area of arable