Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/620

ANDERSONVILLE. AN'DERSONVILLE. A village in Sumter Co., Ga.. t)'2 miles soutli of ilaeon. notable as tlie site of a Confederate military prison during the Civil War. When established in November, 18G3, the prison was an unsheltered inclosure occupying about twenty-two acres, and crossed by a small stream about five feet wide and one foot deep. Subsequently the area was increased to about twenty-seven acres, though a part of this was rendered unavailable by the establishjuent of a "dead line," the crossing of which by a pris- oner meant immediate death. Into this area some- times as many as 33,000 Federal soldiers were crowded, forced for the most part to live without shelter, fully exposed to the heat of summer, the frosts of winter, and the frequent storms, while they suffered terribly from the effects of insuffi- cient and improper food. Amid surroundings of indescribable filth, they died by thousands, of diarrhea, scurvy, dysentery, and fevers. The first prisoners arrived on February 15, 1804, and the last in April, 1865, the total amounting to 40,485, of whom more than 12,800 or 26 per cent, died in confinement. In the autumn of 1864 many of the prisoners were removed to ilillen, Ga., and Florence, S. C, where the conditions were much less severe. A Confederate medical commission, composed of Dr. G. S. Hopkins and Surgeon H. E. Watkins, reported in 1804 that the abnormal death rate was due ( 1 ) to "the large number of prisoners crowded together," (2) to "the entire absence of all vegetables as diet, so necessary as a preventive to scurvy," (3) to "the want of barracks to .shelter the prisoners from sun and rain," (4) to "the inadequate sup- ply of wood and good water," ( 5 ) to "badly cooked food," (6) to "the filthy condition of the prisoners and prison generally," and (7) to "the morbific emanations from the branch, or ravine passing through the prison, the condition of which cannot be better explained than by naming it a morass of hunuin excrement and mud." The post was in command of General W. S. Winder, while Henry Wirz, a Swiss, was the prison superintendent. The latter was con- victed by a special military court, in session from August to October, 1865, of "maliciously, wil- fully, and traitorously conspiring to injure the health and destroy the lives" of Union soldiers at Andersonville, and of "murder in violation of the laws of war," and on November 10 was hanged. Subsequently, the tract of land where the bodies had been hastily buried was turned into a national cemetery. Of the graves, 12.789 have been identified and marked with tablets, while 025 remain unknown. Consult: Chip- man, The Horrors of Andfrsonville Rebel Prison (San Francisco, ISill): Spencer, A y<irrative of AndersonriUe (New York, 1866) ; and Steven- son, The Soiitlirrn Side, or Andersonville Prison (Baltimore. 1S76).

ANDEESSEN, an'der-sen, ( 1818-1879). A faiiHJUs (iiriiian chess player, born in Breslau, He studied philosophy and mathematics at Bres- lau and taught at the Friedrichs-Gymnasium there. In 1851 he defeated Staunton at London. In 1858 he lost to Morphy, at Paris. He won two first prizes in the VN'orld's Tournament at London in 1862, and was victorious in a number of other tournaments and matches. He was noted for the brilliancy of his style of play. His "Sixty Chess Problems" are full of deep and ingenious com- binations. He also wrote several papers on the theory of chess. ANDERSSON, iin'der-son, Kari. Joh. ( 1827-67 I. A Swedish naturalist and South African traveler. In 1850 he joined Francis Galton ill a journey in southwest Africa, continued alone through 1853-54, and on his return to England published Lair X;i<imi; or. Explorations and Discoveries during Four Years' Wanderings in ihe Wilds of South-icestern Africa (1855). He made a journey to Lake Ngami in 1858 with Gieen, the elephant hunter. On his retiirn he published a book on the Okavango River ( 1861 ). In May, 1806, he went on an exploration to the Kunene for the purpose of establishing com- mercial intercourse with the Portuguese settle- ments north of that river. He came in sight of the stream, but was too feeble to cross it, and died in trying to return to Cape Town. After his death, his otcs of Travel in South Africa (1876) were published. ANDERSSON, Nils Johan (1821-80). A Swedish botanist, born at Giirdserum, Smfdand. In 1846 he was an instructor in botany at Upsala, and in 1847 taught in an elementary school at Stockholm. From 1851 to 1853 he was botanist to the Swedish eireumnavigator_f expedition, which he described in En Verld-soniJiegling (three volumes, 1853-54). He was appointed an adjunct professor and demonstrator of botany at Lund in 1855, and in 1856 professor and curator of the botanical collections at the Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, and instructor in the Bergiani horticultural school. He also published Salices Lapponice (1845), Conspectus Vegetationis Lnpponiw (1846), Atlas bfver den ficandinaviska Florans Xaturliga Familjer (1849), ilonographia Salicu7n Hucusque Cogni- tiiriim (1867), and other works. AN'DERTON, Thomas (1836—). An Eng- lish composer, born in Birmingliam, April 15, 1836. Aithough an amateur, his works are fre- quently played at musical festivals and concerts. These include a symphony and overtures for orchestra, string-quartets, pianoforte music, and cantatas on Cowper's i7o/i« (lilpin and on Long- fellow's Wreck of the Hesperus. His cantata. Yule Tide, has had a considerable success in America. ANDES,  (Deriv. uncertain, usually explained as Copper Mountains, from the Peruvian word anti, copper; cf. in Germany Erzgebirge, Ore-Mountains, and Bleiberg, Lead-Mountain). The great mountain chain of South America, extending closely parallel with the Pacific coast, and nowhere far from it, from Cape Horn to the northwest coast of the South American continent. Its length is about 4500 miles, extending in latitude from 56° 30' S. to 11° N. In a way, it may be regarded as continuous with the Cordilleras of North America, the two forming a well-nigh continuous mountain system 9000 miles in length, stretching from Cape Horn to the Aleutian Islands. The average breadth may be set at 150 miles, although this differs greatly in different parts of the system. Its average height of 12,000 feet is subject to the same qualification. Following the coast, the system trends a little west of south through Colombia and Ecuador, but on entering Peru it turns to the southeast, in which direction it extends through that country and part of Bolivia. Through south Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, its trend is nearly south, but it swings in a broad curve to the eastward near Magellan Strait.