Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/615

ANDALUSIA. liaving borne the name of Tartessus) . From the Carthaginians, who established themselves lliere in the third century B.C., the country (lassed to the Romans, who called it Boetica, from the river Ba>tis (Guadalquivir). Under the Empire it attained great prosperity and assim- ilated rapidly the civilization of the Romans. The Vandals remained but a short time in the country and were succeeded by the Visigoths, who ruled Spain till the invasion of the Arabs, in 711. 'I'he name of Andalusia is inseparably connected with the glory of Saracen and Moorish civiliza- tion in mediaeval Spain. Within its borders were situated Cordova, Seville, Granada, and Jaen, the centres of Mohammedan culture, industry, and commerce. By contrast with the gloom and emptiness of the Dark Ages in northern Europe, history has cast almost a fairy light on the plains of "smiling" Andalusia, the nome of learn- ing and art, of chivahy and humane toleration. Cordova was the Athens of the West, the seat of the arts and .sciences; and later still, under the Spaniards even, "when the sun of Raphael set in Italy, painting here arose in a new form in the Velazquez, Murillo, and Cano schools of Se- ville, the finest in the Peninsula." The decadence of. Andalusia set in with the downfall of the Caliphate of C'ordova in the eleventh century and the disruption of Spanish Islam into a number of independent principalities. One liy one the cities of Andalusia passed into the power of Castile. Granada alone and the sur- rounding vcya held out for two centuries after Cordova, Seville, and Cadiz had fallen. The noblest of the Moorish race, fleeing before the Christian advance, crowded into Granada, and the genius of an entire nation made its home within the walls of a city; the lustre which it shed over (iranada, however, was but the hec- tic Hush of the dying Moorish civilization. In 1492 (iranada was taken by the forces of united Christian Spain. Con.iult: Murray, The Cities and Wilds of Andalusia (London, 1853); Laine, "Sur les routes d'Andalousie" in La Noiieellc Revue, No. 115 (Paris, 1898).

ANDALUSITE, an'da-lu'sit (Discovered in Andalusia). An anhydrous aluminum silicate that crystallizes in the orthorhombie system, and is usually found in coarse, square, prismatic forms. A variety known as chiastolite or made, consisting of stout crystals with the axis and angles of a different color from the rest, showing a colored cross, has been found in several locali- ties, as Lancaster and Sterling, Mass.

ANDAMANS, an'da-manz. A chain of is- lands politically attached to British India, situ- ated toward the east side of the Bay of Bengal, between 10° and 14° N. lat. and about 93° E. long., (ISO miles south of the mouth of the (Janges ( Map: Asia, J 7 ). The group covers an area of 2508 square miles, and consists of the Great and Little Andanians, divided by the Dun- can Passage. Three large islands, the North, Mid- dle, and South, and several smaller ones constitute the Great Andamans; the chief of the Little An- damans are Interview, Outram, and Henry Law- rence. With the Nicobar Islands (q.v.), they form a province under a chief commissioner resi- dent at Port Blair. Since 1858 the islands have been a penal settlement of India. Except where clearings have been made, the surface is densely covered with forests yielding valuable timber. Corn, rice, manioc, tea, potatoes, and artichokes are the chief agricultural products, and the cul- tivation of cacao, indigo, and coffee is being in- troduced. Port Blair, on the east side of South Island, and Port Cornwallis, on the same side of North Island, are two fine natural harbors. The principal islands have monthly steamboat com- munication with Calcutta. The Andamanese, also called Mincopies, are a physically uniform Negrito race, whoso stature, however, has a wider range than generally thought. Their head-form teiuls to be brachycephalic, suggesting relation- shi|) with some of the natives of the Nicobar Islands to the south, and with broad-headed Ne- gritos elsewhere. Their language, which has sev- eral dialects, seems to be unrelated to any other tongue. Their culture is verj' primitive, but their weapons and industrial and art products show that they have not neglected their environ- ment. They have also, though known only to some of the older members of the moi'e secluded communities, a mytholog}', with characteristic folk-lore tales. The intelligence of these people has been underestimated. The census of 1901 gives the aborigines as 1882, of whom 842 were females, divided into twelve small tribes. Lying in the route of the Arabs eastward and of the Malays westward, these islands bear traces of the influence of both, and since the establishment of the British penal colony, there is growing up a very mixed race of hybrids. The Andama- nese have inhabited their territory since pre-his- toric times. Flower (1879) and"Keane (1896) both hold that they represent a primitive or gen- eralized type, from which, on the one hand, the African negroes, and on the other the Melane- sians, may have proceeded. (See Negritos.) Population, 1891, 15,609; 1901, 18,190, of which the convict element constitutes four-tifths. The convicts, are employed in reclaiming land and erecting government buildings. They are po- liced by a force of 645 men. The Andamans are mentioned by Arabic geographers of the ninth century, by Marco Polo in the thirteenth, and Conti in the fifteenth century, who gives the sig- nification of the name as "Gold Islands." Hope- town, on Viper Island, was the scene of the assassination by a Mohammedan convict of Earl Mayo, Governor-General of India, while on an of- ficial tour of inspection in 1872. Consult: Man, The Ahorigines of the Andaman Islands (Lon- don, 1885), and "The Andaman Islands," in The Indian Antiquari), Volumes XXVIII. and XXX. (Bombay, 1899 .-ind 1900). ANDANTE, an-dan'ti (Ital., going, moving, from andare, to walk, go). In nuisic, one of the five principal tempos (q.v.). It implies a some- what slow and gentle movement, intermediate between adagio (than which it is faster) and allegro (than which it is slower). This term is often modified, both as to time and style, by the addition of other words — as andante aflTettu- oso, slow, but pathetically; andante cantabile, slow, but in a singing style; andante con moto, slow, but with energy; andante grazioso, slow, but gracefully; andante maestoso, slow, with ma- jesty; andante ma non troppo, slow, but not too slow; andante pastorale, slow, and with pas- toral simplicity. Andante also means the slow movement or section of a musical composition. ANDAQUI, an-dii'ki*. An important Indian confederacy formerly holding the head-streams of the Caqueta and Magdalena rivers and the ad- joining mountain region in Southern Colombia.