Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/592

ANASTASIUS. months later, and deposed Anastasius (716), who escaped to Thessalonica and became a monk. He was a man of wisdom and experience, who attempted various reforms, and thereby excited the wratli of many who saw their person or property endanecred.

ANASTASIUS. The name of four popes and one antipope. — Anastasius I., Pope from 3R8 to about 402. He healed an unseemly strife at Rome by ordering the priests as well as the deacons to stand bowed while the Gospel was read in the Churcli service. He was vehemently opposed to the doctrines of Origen, one of whose works (Peri Archoii, i.e., Concerning Principles) he condemned as heretical. He is praised by Jerome, who calls him a man of a holy life, of a "rich poverty," and of an apostolic earnestness. He died December, 401, or April, 402. His letters and decretals are in Migne, Patrol. Lat., xx. — An- astasius II., Pope from 496 to 498. He was born in Rome; consecrated Pope November 24, 496. He endeavored to heal the breach with the East- ern Church, but the attempt was so ill-judged that Dante puts him in hell. He died in Novem- ber, 498. Two genuine letters of his are extant, one informing Emperor Anastasius of his ac- cession, the other congratulating Clovis on his conversion to Christianity. — Anastasius III., Pope from 911 to 913. He was born in Rome. — Anastasius IV., Pope from 1153 to 1154. He healed two important ecclesiastical quarrels by recognizing Wichmann as Archbishop of Magde- burg, and William as Archbishop of York. He died in Rome December 3, 1154. His letters are in Migne, Patrol. Lat., clxxxviii. — The Antipope An.stasius was opposed to Benedict III. in 855, but s]jecdilv degraded.

ANASTASIUS THE LIBRA'RIAN ( Biblio- tiiecarius) (?-886). A librarian of the Vati- can, and abbot of Sta. Maria Trans-Tiberim, Rome. He was present in 869 at the eighth Council of Constantinople, whose canons he translated into Latin. He wrote a Historia Ecclesiastica (edited by Fabretti, 1649), and the Liber Pontificalis, biographies of the popes from St. Peter to Nicolas I.

ANAS'TOMO'SIS (Gk. dvaaTiiiuaic, an open- ing of the mouth, from urii, ana, again + CTo/ia, stoma, mouth). An anatomical term used to express the union of the vessels which carry blood or other fluids, and also, for convenience' sake, the junction of nerves. The veins and

ARTERIES AXASTOMOSING. lymphatics anastomose to form large single trunks as they approach their ultimate destina- tions. The arteries break up into small branches, for the supply of the tissues, and each small vessel again communicates with others given off above and below. At each large joint there is a very free anastomosis, so that the safety of the limb beyond may not be entirely dependent on the single arterial trunk passing into it, exposed as it is to all the obstructive influences of the diflTerent motions of the limb. After the main artery has been permanently obstructed, the anastomosing vessel.-; enlarge, so as to compen- sate for the loss ; but after a time, only those whose course most resembles the parent trunk continue enlarged, and the others gradually re- gain their ordinary dimensions.

AN'ATASE. See.

ANATH'EMA (Gk. dvdde/ia, or avden/ia, anathema, that which is set up, offered, or dedi- cated, from dvu, ana, up -f- ri&hai, tithenai, to put, set, place). A word originally signifying some offering or gift to Deity, generally suspend- ed in the Temple. Thus, we read in Luke xxi : 5 that the Temple was adorned "with goodly stones and gifts" (anathemasi). It also signifies a sacrifice to God ; and, as the animals devoted to be sacrificed could not be redeemed from death, the word was ultimately used in its strongest sense, implying eternal perdition, as in Romans ix : 3, Galatians i ; 8-9, and other places. In the Cath- olic Church a distinction has been made between excommunication and anathematizing; the lat- ter being the extreme form of denunciation against obstinate offenders. The synod of Elvi- ra (306) anathematized those who placed libelous writings in the Church and those who read them ; the Nicene Council ( 325 ), the Arians ; and so later councils and synods those who seri- ously offended. Thus that of Paris (846) forbids anathematization, on account of its being a "con- demnation to eternal death," to bishops without the consent of their archbishop and fellow bishops.

AN'ATHOTH, A town in Palestine, two and one-half miles northeast of Jerusalem, and one of the places assigned to the I^evites (Joshua xxi: I. Chronicles vi : 60). It was the birthplace of Jeremiah (Jeremiah i : I ), as well as the home of Abiathar, the high priest (I. Kings ii : 26), of xbiezer (II. Samuel xxiii :27), and of Jehu (I. Chronicles xii : 3), all prominent in the days of David. The name appears to be the plural of Anat, and it is of some significance to note that there was a goddess .4natuni in Babylonia, the consort of the sky-god Ann. though the evi- dence is not sufficient to assume a connection between the supposed worship of this goddess in Canaan and the Babylonian goddess. It was an important place, being reoccupied after the exile (Ezra ii : 23 : Nehemiah vii : 27). On its site stands at present the little village of Anata, at the top of a hill commanding a view of the Dead Sea. Building stortes for Jerusalem are still sujiplied from a quarry at Anata. It was at Anathoth that .Jeremiah bought a field, as a symbol of the assured return from the Babylonian captivity (Jeremiah xxxii : 7).

ANAT'IDÆ; (Lat. anas, duck). The family of ducks, geese and swans (q.v.) See.

AN'ATO'LIA (Gk. 'AvanXf/, Anatoli, a rising, east, i.e,, from Constantinople; from dvu, ana, up -f- 7f A^eit', tellein, to make to arise, to rise). The modern name for Asia Minor; Turkish, Anadoli. It embraces the western peninsula of Asia, bounded by the Armenian highlands on the east, the Mediterranean on the south, the ^45gean Sea on the west, and the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora on the north. Its area is about 195,000 square miles (Map: Turkey in Asia, D 3).