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ANAITIS. Anaïtis (Munich, 1856); Jackson, Iranische Religion (Strassburg, 1900).

AN'AKIM (Heb. children of Anak, i.e., the long-necked, a giant). Represented in the Old Testament as a race of giants (Numbers xiii : 33; Deuteronomy ii : 10-12, etc.), one of whose strongholds was Kirjath-Arba or Hebron in southern Palestine (Joshua xiv: 12-1.5). but who were spread over the mountains of Judah and Israel in Onal. Anakim is an indefinite designation like Rephai'm for miscellaneous groups of the pre-Israelitish inhabitants of Pal- estine. They were conquered by Joshua together with the rest of the Canaanitish peoples (Joshua xi : 21), though according to verse 22 a remnant survived in the Philistine cities of Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod.

ANAL'CITE,, or (Gk. , an priv. + , alke, strength; refers to its weak electricity when heated or rubbed). A zeolite mineral, consisting of sodium and aluminum silicate, found in the Bergen tunnel. New Jersey, in the Lake Superior copper region, and with other zeolites in Colorado. It crystallizes in the isometric system, frequently occurring in the form of twenty-four-sided crystals.

AN'ALEM'MA (Gk. avd'Aii/ifia, a support, prop; a sun-dial). A name given to an ortho- gi'aphic projection of a sphere upon the plane of a meridian, the point of sight being assumed at an infinite distance on a line normal to the given plane and passing through the centre of the sphere. The term was also applied to the sun-dial, but more often to an instrument of brass or wood, on which the above projection could be drawn, and which was used for astro- nomical purposes. The term is further employed to designate a scale, often seen on terrestrial globes, showing the declination of the sun and the equation of time for various days of the year.

AN'ALGE'SIA. See.

ANALOGISTS. See.

AN'ALOGUE (Gk., ana, according to + , logos, due ratio). A term in comparative anatomy. Organs are analogous to one another, or are analogues, when they perform the same function, though they may be altogether different in structure; as the wings of a bird and the wings of an insect. Organs, again, are homologous, or homologues, when they are constructed on the same plan, undergo a similar development, and bear the same relative position, and this independent of either form or function. Thus, the arms of a man and the wings of a bird are homologues of one another. See.

ANAL'OGY (Gk., analogia, equality of ratios). In general, an agreement or corres- pondence in certain respects between things in other respects different. Euclid employed it to signify proportion, or the equality of ratios, and it has retained this sense in mathematics; but it is a term little used in the exact sciences, and of very frequent use in every other department of knowledge and in human affairs. In grammar we speak of the analogy of language; i.e., the correspondence of a word or phrase with the genius of the language, as learned from the man- ner in which its words and phrases are ordi- narily formed. Analogy, in fact, supposes a rule inferred from observation of instances, and is the application of this rule to other instances not pre- cisely, but somewhat, similar. We venture upon this application with more or less confidence, according to the degree of ascertained similarity, and according to the extent of observation from which our knowledge of the rule has been de- rived. John Stuart Mill, in his Logic, states the formula of analogy in this way: "Two things resemble each other in one or more re- spects; a certain proposition is true of the one, therefore it is true of the other." What makes analogical reasoning successful at all is the fact that superficial resemblances often point to fun- damental identity in type. Analogical reasoning is the assumption of a deeper significance in similarities than our knowledge of the facts warrants. When this assumption is justified by the event, the analogy has been fruitfully sug- gestive; when it is not, the analogy has been misleading. Even when analogy leads to dis- covery, it does this merely by suggestiveness; the final establishment of the truth analogically adumbrated is never accomplished by analogy, but by some stricter logical method. Thus, rea- soning from analogy indeed warrants only prob- able conclusions; but the probability may be- come of a very high degree, and in the affairs of life we must often act upon conclusions thus attained. Reasoning from analogy, however, re- quires much caution in the reasoner. Yet even when its conclusions are very uncertain, they often serve to guide inquiry and lead to dis- covery. Many of the most brilliant discoveries recently made in natural science were the result of investigations thus directed. In law, reason- ing from analogy must often, to a certain extent, be admitted in the application of statutes to particular cases. Upon similar reasoning, the practice of medicine very much depends. In literary criticism, it is also often necessary for purposes of interpretation, the sense of the auth- or in a passage somewhat obscure being in some measure determined according to passages in which he has expressed himself more clearly. The application of this rule to the interpretation of Scripture is a point of difference between Protestants and Catholics, the latter insisting upon the interpretation of difficult passages by ecclesiastical tradition and authority. Prot- estant theologians have very generally employed, with reference to this rule of interpretation, the phrase "analogy of faith," deriving it from Romans xii. 16; but the meaning of the expression in that verse is disputed. (See .) The opposite of analogy is anomaly (Gk. irregularity); and this term is used not only in grammar, but with reference to objects of natural history which in any respect are exceptions to the ordinary rule of their class or kind. In physiology, analogy is similarity of function between organs which are structurally or morphologically different; e.g., the tail of a fish and that of a whale are analogous organs; in this usage analogy is opposed to homology, which refers to the structural similarity of organs that may even perform different functions; e.g.. the wing of a bird and the arms of a man.

ANAL'YSIS (Gk., a resolution into parts, from , ana, up + , lycin, to loosen). A term frequently employed in general philosophy and in the sciences, as the opposite of the term synthesis. In philosophy the term analysis is generally applied to the mental act of distinguishing within a given object its vari-