Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/578

ANACAONA. (1492). She succeeded her brother as ruler of his tribe, and after the death of C'aonabo was on friendly terms with the Spanish until 1503. In the latter year she gave a feast in honor of Ovan- do, the Spanish governor, but in the midst of the festivities was arrested and put to death by his order.

AN'ACAR'DIA'CE,Æ (Gk. avd, ana, [like] unto + hapdia, kaidia, heart). Sumach Familt. An order of dicotyledonous plants consisting mostly" of trees and shrubs, with acrid, resinous, or milky sap, in some instances very irritating and poisonous. The leaves are usually alternate, rarely opposite; flowers small, polygamous, dicecious or perfect: caly.x small, usually five-parted; petals of the same number as the sepals; stamens as numerous as the petals and opposite them, or twice as many, rarely fewer: ovaries of the staminate flowers one-celled, of the pistil- late flowers three to seven-celled, with a single ovule in each cell; fruit generally a drupe; seeds bon}', endosperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy. This family embraces about 50 genera and 500 species, most of which occur in the tropics of both hemispheres, the only prominent genus indigenous to the United States being Rhus; the Sumach and Poison oak (q.v. ). The genera of the family are giouped into a number of sections, the more important of which are: Mangiferip, of which Mangifera and Anacardium are the principal genera; Spondiese, represented by Spondias; Rhoidee, the chief genera of which are Pistacia, Rhus, Cotinus, and Sehinus; and Semecarpese, represented by Semecarpus. The entire order abounds in resins and tannins, fur- nishing the source whence some of the most val- uable lacquers, varnishes, and tanning materials are obtained, while some species produce whole- some and pleasant fruits, some of which are extensively grown in the tropics. For detailed economic descriptions, see Cashew Nut; Pista- cia: JIastic; Hog Pluji; Poisoxous Plants; Makgo; Sumach, and other names mentioned above.

AN'ACAR'DIUM. See Cashew Nut.

ANACHARIS,:i-n;-ik'a-r!s (Neo-Lat. from Gk. dvii, ana, up + x^P'C, charts, grace). An aqiiatic jilant (Aiiachnris Canadensis). native of North America, where it grows entirely sub- merged in the water of ponds and slow-llowing streams. The plant is a much-branched peren- nial, with long, slender stems that bear numerous small sessile, linear-oblong leaves arranged either in whorls or oppositely upon the axis. The small flowers appear upon the surface of the water for a short period of time sufficient for pollination, after the accomplishment of which act the female flowers are withdrawn beneath the surface; a case similar to that in the eel-grass (Vallisneria, q.v.). This plant was intro- duced into Great Britain about 1842. and because of its rapid growth lias become a serious obstacle to navigation in many of the tide water streams. Anacharis is a good example of a plant, innoc- uous in its native country, which has been intro- duced elsewhere, and found there such congenial habitat as to enable it to become a most ob- noxious weed. It is also known as Elodea Cana- densis.

ANACHARSIS, anVi-kJir'sIs (Gk. 'Avd- Xnpair). A Scythian, the brother of King Saul- ius, said by Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius to have visited Solon at Athens, to have lived with him on terms of intimacy, and also to have been initiated into the Mysteries. From the early fourth century B.C., the tendency to idealize the barbarian peoples of the North assigned to him the highest qualities; his love of learning is said to have caused him to travel through many lands; he was numbered among the Seven Wise Men; and from Aristotle's time many wise sayings and proverbs were attributed to him. They are edited by Mullaeh, Philosophorum Grw- coriini Fraymenta (Paris, 18G0-81). Under the title Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Gricc, Jean .Jacques B.arthelemy, a well-known French author (q.v.), wrote in 1789 a description of Greek life and manners, displaying learn- ing and good taste, but disfigured by many anachronisms. Anacharsis is made to visit Athens only a few years before the birth of Alex- ander the Great, and the features of several distinct periods in Grecian history are confused- ly regarded as having been contemporaneous. Tlie book, tlierefore, will not bear a critical examination; but it has contributed its share toward an improved knowledge of ancient life, and has given rise to several similar works, such as the Irallus and the Charicles of Becker.

ANACH'RONISM (Gk. ivaxpov'iCea^ai, ana- chronhesthai. to refer to wrong time, from ava, una, back, against -H xp'^''"C, c'i»'0)iOS, time) . An error in chronolog}'. Sometimes an anach- ronism is purjiosely made for the sake of effect, or to bring certain events within convenient compass for dramatic purposes. Shakespeare, in his Jvllns Ci.esar, makes the "clock" strike three: and Schiller, in his Piccolomini, speaks of a "lightning-conductor"' a? known a hundred and fifty years before its invention. These dis- crepancies, however, do not seriously injure the general truth of a poetical work. The anach- ronism is more olTensive when, in a work which pedantically adheres to the costumes and other external features of old times, we find a modern style of thought and language, as in the old French dramas of Corneille and Racine. In pop- ular epic poetry anachronism is a common feature. Achilles is always young; Helena, always beautiful. In their versions of old classic traditions, the writers of the Middle Ages converted Alexander, Æneas, and other ancient heroes into good Christian knights of the twelfth century. In the Nibelungenlied, Attila and Theo- doric are good friends and allies, though the _ latter began to reign some forty years after the • former. At the end of the poem, the heroine, who must have been nearly sixty years old, and had passed through great aflliction and sorrow, is still the "beautiful Queen Kriemhild." Many ludicrous examples of anachronism may be found in old Dutch paintings; e.g., Abraliam, Isaac, and .Jacob in modern costumes, and Adam in Paradise armed with a musket.

ANACLACHE, a'na-kla'cha. One of the mountains of Bolivia, in lat. 18° 12' S., long. 69° 20' W., about four miles high, and always covered with snow.

AN'ACLE'TUS I.,, otherwise. Second or third bishop of Rome. A martyr under Domitian. Others say that he succeeded Clement I. as fifth bishop of Rome, and was martyred under Trajan. His day is July 13th.

ANACLETUS II. (?— 1138). Anti-pope, by name Peter Pierleoni. He sprang from a rich and