Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/577

ANABAPTISTS. attack upon them. See the English translation in Jackson's Selections from Zwingli, pp. 123-258 (New York, 1901). This humble folk were treated like criminals, because the authorities recognized that their principles, though in no way sinful, were subversive of the tyrannical government they exercised. Anabaptists must die because they would not submit to the established order. To this day the advocates of the State Church look askance at them. At first among them the mode of baptism was not considered important, and so not much discussed. It was by pouring or sprinkling.

A new era for the Anabaptists begins with Menno Simons. (See .) Surrounded by dangers, Menno succeeded, by prudent zeal, in collecting the scattered adherents of the sect, and in founding congregations in the Netherlands and in various parts of Germany. He called the members of the community &ldquo;Gods congregation, poor, unarmed Christians, brothers;&rdquo; later, they took the name of Mennonites, and at present they call themselves, in Germany, Taufgesinnte; in Holland, Doopsgezinden &mdash; corresponding very nearly to the English designation Baptists. This, besides being a more appropriate designation, avoids offensive association with the early Anabaptists. Menno expounded his principles in his Elements of the True Christian Faith in Dutch. This book is still an authority among the body, who lay particular stress on receiving the doctrines of the Scripture with simple faith, and acting strictly up to them, setting no value on learning and the scientific elaboration of doctrines. They reject the taking of oaths, war, every kind of revenge, divorce (except for adultery), infant baptism, and the undertaking of the office of magistrate; magistracy they hold to be an institution necessary for the present, but foreign to the kingdom of Christ; the Church is the community of the saints, which must be kept pure by strict discipline. With regard to grace, they hold it to be designed for all, and their views of the Lord's Supper fall in with those of Zwingli; in its celebration the rite of feet-washing is retained. In Germany, Switzerland, and Alsace their form of worship differs little from the Lutheran. Their bishops, elders, and teachers serve without pay. Children receive their name at birth, baptism is performed in the place of worship, and adults that join the sect are rebaptized. (See .)

Almost the only split among the early Continental Baptists on doctrinal grounds was that which took place in Amsterdam in 1664. Arminianism had not been without its influence, especially among the Waterländers, originally more liberal in their views. A leading congregation accordingly divided into two parties, one (Galenists, from Galenus, their leader) advocating freer views in doctrine and discipline; the other ( Apostoolists, from Samuel Apostool) adhering to absolute predestination and the discipline of Menno. The liberal party rejected creeds as of human invention, adopted much of the philosophy and theology of England, and exercised no little influence on the intellectual progress of Holland. These two parties gradually absorbed the other sections of the Baptists in the Netherlands; and about the beginning of the nineteenth century a union took place by which all the congregations now belong to one body.

For the modern denomination called Baptists, which continues the same protest against infant baptism, but has little, or, as some claim, no genetic connection with the Anabaptists, see.

ANABARA, a-nii'ba-rii'. A river in Siberia, emptying into the Arctic Ocean (Map: Asia, LI), and forming the boundary between the gov- ernment of Yeniseisk and the territory of Yakutsk.

A'NABAS, AN'ABAT'IDÆ. See Climbing Fish. ANAB'ASIS (Gk. ai«i,3n(T/f, from ai'd, OJin, up -f jiaivtiv, bainein, to go) . The name of two his- torical works. (1.) The Anofcasis o/' Cyras, writ- ten by Xenophon early in the fourth century B.C., which gives a narrative of the unfortunate expedition of the younger Cyrus against his brother, the Persian King Artaxeixes, and of the retreat of his 10.000 Greek allies under the command of Xenophon. (2.) The Anabasis of Alexander, written by Arrian 160-168 A.D., and giving an account of the campaigns of Alexander the Great.

AN'ABLEPS (Gk. avaJAFTTSiv, anablepein, to look up). A genus of cyprinodont fishes, the four-eyes, remarkable for the incomplete division of the eye into an up|)er smaller and a lower larger part. This division is effected by the growth of two processes of the iris toward each other across the pupil, and a corresponding band of the conjunctiva across the cornea. As they

ANABLEP3 TETHAOeHTHALMDS. A. Attitude in swimming. B. Vt-rtica! section of the eye througii the lens, sh'uviiiir tlic It'iiticiliir form of the upper half receiving light throimn tin- nir. and itii' sul)ort)icular shape of the lower half receiintr lii^ht iliron;rh vsatcr. L Diagram of the eye across the front, showing exteruul clarlc band. (After Tegetmeier.)

are surface fish, and swim with their eyes partly projecting above the water, the upper part serves the purpose of seeing in the air and the lower for seeing in the water. They occur in shallow water along the coast, and in the rivers of trop- ical -America.

ANAB'OLISM (Gk. avapoli/, anaboU; some- thing heaped up ), and Constructive Metabol- ism. Terms applied to the chemical processes of the living body, which result in the formation of more complex compounds from simpler ones. See Metabolism.

AWAB'RUS. See.

ANACAONA, ii'na-kii'fl-na, or Golden Flower. An Indian princess, sister and wife respectively of Behechio and of Caonabo, caciques of Haiti when Columbus discovered the island